@ARTICLE{adams_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {426},
       AUTHOR = {J. B. Adams and M. E. Mann and C. M. Ammann},
       TITLE = {Proxy evidence for an El Nin~o-like response to volcanic forcing},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {274-278},
}
@ARTICLE{adcock1878,
       TITLE = {A problem in least squares},
       JOURNAL = {The Analyst},
       YEAR = {1878},
       PAGES = {53-54},
       VOLUME = {5},
       AUTHOR = {R. J. Adcock},
}
@ARTICLE{allan_etal1996,
       AUTHOR = {R. J. Allan and J. Lindesay and D. E. Parker},
       TITLE = {El Nin~o, Southern Oscillation and Climatic Variability, 405 pp., CSIRO, Collingwood},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Australia},
}
@ARTICLE{allan_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {22},
       AUTHOR = {R. J. Allan and C. J. C. Reason and P. Carroll and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {A reconstruction of Madras (Chennai) mean sea level pressure using instrumental records from the late 18th and early 19th centuries},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {1119-1142},
}
@ARTICLE{allen_stott2003,
       TITLE = {Estimating signal amplitudes in optimal fingerprinting, Part I: Theory},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       YEAR = {2003},
       PAGES = {477-491},
       VOLUME = {21},
       AUTHOR = {M. R. Allen and P. A. Stott},
}
@ARTICLE{ammann_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(12)},
       AUTHOR = {C. M. Ammann and G. A. Meehl and W. M. Washington and C. S. Zender},
       TITLE = {A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th century climate},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1657, doi:10.1029/2003GL016875},
}
@ARTICLE{anderson_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {103},
       AUTHOR = {W. T. Anderson and S. M. Bernasconi and J. A. McKenzie and M. Saurer},
       TITLE = {Oxygen and carbon isotopic record of climate variability in tree ring cellulose (Picea abies): An example from central Switzerland (1913-1995)},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {31,625- 31,636},
}
@ARTICLE{anderson_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {297},
       AUTHOR = {D. M. Anderson and J. T. Overpeck and A. K. Gupta},
       TITLE = {Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {596-599},
}
@ARTICLE{andrews_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {210},
       AUTHOR = {J. T. Andrews and J. Hardadottir and J. S. Stoner and M. E. Mann and G. B. Kristjansdottir and N. Koc},
       TITLE = {Decadal to millennial-scale periodicities in North Iceland shelf sediments over the last 12,000 cal yrs: Long-term North Atlantic oceanographic variability and solar forcing},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Earth Planet. Sci. Lett},
       PAGES = {453-465},
}
@ARTICLE{appenzeller_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {282},
       AUTHOR = {C. Appenzeller and T. F. Stocker and M. Anklin},
       TITLE = {North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {446-449},
}
@ARTICLE{arrhenius1896,
       TITLE = {On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground},
       YEAR = {1896},
       PAGES = {237},
       VOLUME = {41},
       AUTHOR = {S. Arrhenius},
       JOURNAL = {Philosophical Magazine},
}
@ARTICLE{atkinson_etal1987,
       VOLUME = {325},
       AUTHOR = {T. C. Atkinson and K. R. Briffa and G. R. Coope},
       TITLE = {Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the last 23,000 years reconstructed from beetle remains},
       YEAR = {1987},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {587-592},
}
@ARTICLE{bürger_etal2006,
       TITLE = {Climate reconstrcution by regression -- 32 variations on a theme},
       JOURNAL = {Tellus},
       YEAR = {2006},
       PAGES = {(in press)},
       AUTHOR = {G B\"urger and I. Fast and U. Cubasch},
}
@ARTICLE{bard_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {52},
       AUTHOR = {E. Bard and G. Raisbeck and P. Yiou and J. Jouzel},
       TITLE = {Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Ser. B},
       PAGES = {985-992},
}
@ARTICLE{barlow_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {L. K. Barlow and J. P. Sadler and A. E. J. Ogilvie and P. C. Buckland and T. Amorosi and J. H. Ingimundarson and P. Skidmore and A. J. Dugmore and T. H. McGovern},
       TITLE = {Interdisciplinary investigations of the Norse western settlement in Greenland},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {489-499},
}
@ARTICLE{barnett1999,
       VOLUME = {80},
       AUTHOR = {T. P. Barnett},
       TITLE = {Detection and attribution of recent climate change: A status report},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {2631-2659},
}
@ARTICLE{barnett_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {6},
       AUTHOR = {T. P. Barnett and B. D. Santer and P. D. Jones and R. S. Bradley and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Estimates of low frequency natural variability in near-surface air temperature},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {255-263},
}
@ARTICLE{baron1982,
       VOLUME = {4},
       AUTHOR = {W. R. Baron},
       TITLE = {The reconstruction of eighteenth century temperature records through the use of content analysis},
       YEAR = {1982},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {385-398},
}
@ARTICLE{basnett_parker1997,
       TITLE = {Development of the Global Mean Sea Level Pressure Data Set GMSLP2},
       YEAR = {1997},
       PAGES = {16 pp. and appendices},
       VOLUME = {79},
       AUTHOR = {T. A. Basnett and D. E. Parker},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Res. Tech. Note, Meteorol. Off., Bracknell, U. K},
}
@ARTICLE{bauer_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(6)},
       AUTHOR = {E. Bauer and M. Claussen and V. Brovkin and A. Huenerbein},
       TITLE = {Assessing climate forcings of the Earth system for the past millennium},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1276, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016639},
}
@ARTICLE{beer_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {19},
       AUTHOR = {J. Beer and W. Mende and R. Stellmacher},
       TITLE = {The role of the Sun in climate forcing},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Sci. Rev},
       PAGES = {403-413},
}
@ARTICLE{bell_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {37},
       AUTHOR = {J. L. Bell and L. C. Sloan and J. Revenaugh and P. B. Duffy},
       TITLE = {Evaluation of Northern Hemisphere natural climate variability in multiple temperature reconstructions and global climate model simulations},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Global Planet. Change},
       PAGES = {19-32},
}
@ARTICLE{bell_ogilvie1978,
       VOLUME = {1},
       AUTHOR = {W. T. Bell and A. E. J. Ogilvie},
       TITLE = {Weather compilations as a source of data for the reconstruction of European climate during the medieval period},
       YEAR = {1978},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {331-348},
}
@ARTICLE{beltrami_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {136},
       AUTHOR = {H. Beltrami and D. S. Chapman and S. Archambault and Y. Bergeron},
       TITLE = {Reconstruction of high resolution ground temperature histories combining dendrochronological and geothermal data},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Earth Planet. Sci. Lett},
       PAGES = {437-445},
}
@ARTICLE{beltrami_kellman2003,
       VOLUME = {38},
       AUTHOR = {H. Beltrami and L. Kellman},
       TITLE = {An examination of short- and long-term air-ground temperature coupling},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Global Planet. Change},
       PAGES = {291-303},
}
@ARTICLE{berglund_birks1996,
       AUTHOR = {B. E. Berglund and H. J. B. Birks},
       TITLE = {Paleoecological Events During the Last 15,000 Years: Regional Synthesis of Paleoecological Studies of Lakes and Mires in Europe, 764 pp., John Wiley},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {N. J},
}
@ARTICLE{bernabo1981,
       TITLE = {Quantitative estimates of temperature changes over the last 2700 years in Michigan based on pollen data},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       YEAR = {1981},
       PAGES = {143-159},
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {J. C. Bernabo},
}
@ARTICLE{bertrand_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {54},
       AUTHOR = {C. Bertrand and M. F. Loutre and M. Crucifix and A. Berger},
       TITLE = {Climate of the last millennium: A sensitivity study},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Ser. A},
       PAGES = {221-244},
}
@ARTICLE{biondi2000,
       TITLE = {Are climate-tree growth relationships changing in north-central Idaho},
       YEAR = {2000},
       PAGES = {111-116},
       VOLUME = {32},
       AUTHOR = {F. Biondi},
       JOURNAL = {Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res},
}
@ARTICLE{biondi_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {24},
       AUTHOR = {F. Biondi and C. B. Lange and M. K. Hughes and W. H. Berger},
       TITLE = {Inter-decadal signals during the last millennium (AD 1117- 1992) in the varve record of Santa Barbara basin},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {193-196},
}
@ARTICLE{biondi_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {F. Biondi and A. Gershunov and D. R. Cayan},
       TITLE = {North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {5-10},
}
@ARTICLE{black_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {286},
       AUTHOR = {D. E. Black and L. C. Peterson and J. T. Overpeck and A. Kaplan and M. N. Evans and M. Kashgarian},
       TITLE = {Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1709-1713},
}
@ARTICLE{bond_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {294},
       AUTHOR = {G. Bond and B. Kromer and J. Beer and R. Muscheler and M. N. Evans and W. Showers and S. Hoffman and I. Hajdas and G. Bonani},
       TITLE = {Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {2130-2136},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley1995a,
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Climate Since A.D. 1500, 706 pp},
       YEAR = {1995a},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Are there optimum sites for global paleotemperature reconstructions?},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 603- 624, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley1999,
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, 2nd ed., 610 pp., Academic},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Calif},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {Science},
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes and H. F. Diaz},
       TITLE = {Climate in medieval time},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Climate in medieval time},
       PAGES = {302, 404-405},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley_jones1992,
       VOLUME = {pp. 1-4},
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {When was the ``Little Ice Age''?},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {edited by T. Mikami},
       PAGES = {Dep. of Geogr., Tokyo Metrop. Univ., Tokyo},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley_jones1993,
       VOLUME = {3},
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {`Little Ice Age' summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {367-376},
}
@ARTICLE{bradley_jones1995b,
       AUTHOR = {R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Climatic variations in the longest instrumental records, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 246-268},
       YEAR = {1995b},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{braganza_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {K. Braganza and D. Karoly and T. Hirst and M. E. Mann and P. Stott and R. J. Stouffer and S. Tett},
       TITLE = {Indices of global climate variability and change: Part I--Variability and correlation structure},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {491-502},
}
@ARTICLE{braŽzdil1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {R. BraŽzdil},
       TITLE = {Reconstructions of past climate from historical sources in the Czech lands},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 409- 431, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{braŽzdil_etal2004,
       VOLUME = {in press},
       AUTHOR = {R. BraŽzdil and C. Pfister and H. Wanner and H. von Storch and J. Luterbacher},
       TITLE = {Historical climatology in Europe--The state of the art},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa1995,
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Interpreting high-resolution proxy climate data--The example of dendrochronology, in Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques, edited by H. von Storch and A. Navarra, pp. 77-94},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa2000,
       TITLE = {Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees},
       JOURNAL = {Quart. Sci. Rev},
       YEAR = {2000},
       PAGES = {87-105},
       VOLUME = {19},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1986,
       VOLUME = {6},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and T. M. L. Wigley and J. R. Pilcher and M. G. L. Baillie},
       TITLE = {Climate reconstruction from tree rings: Part 2},
       YEAR = {1986},
       JOURNAL = {J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {1-15},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1992,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and T. S. Bartholin and etc},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Climate Dynamics},
       TITLE = {Fenno..},
       PAGES = {111-119},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1992a,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and T. S. Bartholin and D. Eckstein and F. H. Schweingruber and P. Zetterberg and M. Eronen},
       TITLE = {Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: Temperature changes on short and long timescales},
       YEAR = {1992a},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {111-119},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1992b,
       VOLUME = {5},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and F. H. Schweingruber},
       TITLE = {Treering density reconstructions of summer temperature patterns across western North America since 1600},
       YEAR = {1992b},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {735-752},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {376},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and F. H. Schweingruber and S. G. Shiyatov and E. R. Cook},
       TITLE = {Unusual twentieth-century summer warmth in a 1,000-year temperature record from Siberia},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {156-159},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and F. H. Schweingruber and W. KarleŽn and S. G. Shiyatov},
       TITLE = {Tree-ring variables as proxy-climate indicators: Problems with low-frequency signals},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 9-41, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1998a,
       VOLUME = {391},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and F. H. Schweingruber and P. D. Jones and T. J. Osborn and S. G. Shiyatov and E. A. Vaganov},
       TITLE = {Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes},
       YEAR = {1998a},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {678-682},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal1998b,
       VOLUME = {393},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and F. H. Schweingruber and T. J. Osborn},
       TITLE = {Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over 600 years},
       YEAR = {1998b},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {450-455},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {106 (D3)},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and T. J. Osborn and F. H. Schweingruber and I. C. Harris and P. D. Jones and S. G. Shiyatov and E. A. Vaganov},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       TITLE = {Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network},
       PAGES = {2929-2941 (2000JD900617)},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_etal2002,
       TITLE = {Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere: Part 1, local and regional climate signals},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {737-757},
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and T. J. Osborn and F. H. Schweingruber and P. D. Jones and S. G. Shiyatov and E. A. Vaganov},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_jones1993,
       VOLUME = {3},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 2. Implications for large-scale high-frequency paleoclimatic studies},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {77-88},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_osborn1999,
       TITLE = {Seeing the wood from the trees},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       YEAR = {1999},
       PAGES = {926-927},
       VOLUME = {284},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and T. J. Osborn},
}
@ARTICLE{briffa_osborn2002,
       TITLE = {Blowing hot and cold},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {2227-2228},
       VOLUME = {295},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Briffa and T. J. Osborn},
}
@ARTICLE{britton1937,
       TITLE = {A meteorological chronology to AD 1450},
       YEAR = {1937},
       AUTHOR = {C. E. Britton},
       JOURNAL = {Her Majesty's Stn Off., Norwich, U.K},
}
@ARTICLE{broecker2001,
       VOLUME = {291},
       AUTHOR = {W. S. Broecker},
       TITLE = {Was the Medieval Warm Period Global?},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       YEAR = {2001},
       PAGES = {1497-1499},
}
@ARTICLE{bryson1962,
       VOLUME = {43},
       AUTHOR = {R. Bryson},
       TITLE = {Summary of the conference on the climate of the 11th and 16th centuries},
       YEAR = {1962},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {654- 657},
}
@ARTICLE{buckland_etal1996,
       TITLE = {Climate change, bioarchaeology and the end of Norse Greenland },
       YEAR = {1996},
       PAGES = {88-96},
       VOLUME = {70},
       AUTHOR = {P. C. Buckland and T. Amorosi and L. K. Barlow and P. Mayewski and T. H. McGovern and A. E. J. Ogilvie and P. Skidmore},
       JOURNAL = {Antiquity},
}
@ARTICLE{burger_etal2006,
       TITLE = {Climate reconstrcution by regression -- 32 variations on a theme},
       JOURNAL = {Tellus},
       YEAR = {2006},
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = {In press},
       AUTHOR = {G. B\"urger and I. Fast and U. Cubasch},
}
@ARTICLE{bush1999,
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {A. B. G. Bush},
       TITLE = {Assessing the impact of mid-Holocene insolation on the atmosphere-ocean system},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {99-102},
}
@ARTICLE{camuffo2002,
       VOLUME = {53},
       AUTHOR = {D. Camuffo},
       TITLE = {Improved understanding of past climatic variability from early daily European instrumental sources},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {1-392},
}
@ARTICLE{cane_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {275},
       AUTHOR = {M. A. Cane and A. C. Clement and A. Kaplan and Y. Kushnir and D. Pozdnyakov and R. Seager and S. E. Zebiak and R. Murtugudde},
       TITLE = {Twentieth-century sea surface temperature trends},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {957-960},
}
@ARTICLE{cardinal_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {176},
       AUTHOR = {D. Cardinal and B. Hamelin and D. Bard and J. Patzold},
       TITLE = {Sr/Ca},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Chem. Geol},
       PAGES = {213-233},
}
@ARTICLE{chapman_etal2004,
       VOLUME = {31},
       AUTHOR = {D. S. Chapman and M. G. Bartlett and R. N. Harris},
       TITLE = {Comment on "Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions", by M. Mann and G. Schmidt},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {doi:10.1029/2003GL019054},
}
@ARTICLE{chenoweth2003,
       VOLUME = {93(2)},
       AUTHOR = {M. Chenoweth},
       TITLE = {The 18th century climate of Jamaica derived from the journals of Thomas Thistlewood},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Trans. Am. Philos. Soc},
       PAGES = {153 pp},
}
@ARTICLE{clausen_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {H. B. Clausen and C. U. Hammer and J. Christensen and M. Legrand and J. P. Steffensen},
       TITLE = {1250 years of global volcanism as revealed by central Greenland ice cores},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Nato ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 30, edited by R. J. Delmas, pp. 517-532, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{clement_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {A. C. Clement and R. Seager and M. A. Cane},
       TITLE = {Suppression of El Nin~o during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {731-737},
}
@ARTICLE{cobb2002,
       VOLUME = {165 pp},
       AUTHOR = {K. M. Cobb},
       TITLE = {Coral records of the El Nin~o-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate over the last millennium},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Ph.D. thesis},
       PAGES = {Univ. of Calif., San Diego},
}
@ARTICLE{cobb_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {K. M. Cobb and C. D. Charles and D. E. Hunter},
       TITLE = {A central tropical Pacific coral demonstrates Pacific, Indian},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2209-2212},
}
@ARTICLE{cobb_etal2003a,
       VOLUME = {424},
       AUTHOR = {K. M. Cobb and C. D. Charles and H. Cheng and R. L. Edwards},
       TITLE = {El Nin~o-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium},
       YEAR = {2003a},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {271-276},
}
@ARTICLE{cobb_etal2003b,
       VOLUME = {Sapporo},
       AUTHOR = {K. M. Cobb and C. D. Charles and H. Cheng and R. L. Edwards},
       TITLE = {The Medieval Cool Period and the Little Warm Age in the central tropical Pacific? Fossil coral record of the last millennium},
       YEAR = {2003b},
       JOURNAL = {Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys},
       PAGES = {Japan},
}
@ARTICLE{cole_cook1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Cole and E. R. Cook},
       TITLE = {The changing relationship between ENSO variability and moisture balance in the continental United States},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {4529-4532},
}
@ARTICLE{cole_etal1992,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Cole and G. T. Shen and R. G. Fairbanks and M. Moore},
       TITLE = {Coral monitors of El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation dynamics across the Equatorial Pacific, in El Nin~o: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{cole_etal1993,
       VOLUME = {260},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Cole and R. G. Fairbanks and G. T. Shen},
       TITLE = {Recent variability in the Southern Oscillation: Isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1790-1793},
}
@ARTICLE{cole_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {Washington},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Cole and R. G. Fairbanks and G. T. Shen},
       TITLE = {Monitoring the tropical ocean-atmosphere using chemical records from longlived corals, in Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, edited by D. G. Martinson et al},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Natl. Acad. Press},
       PAGES = {D. C},
}
@ARTICLE{cook1987,
       VOLUME = {47},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook},
       YEAR = {1987},
       JOURNAL = {Tree-Ring Bulletin},
       TITLE = {The decomposition of tree-ring series for environmental studies},
       PAGES = {37-59},
}
@ARTICLE{cook2003,
       VOLUME = {vol. 134},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook},
       TITLE = {Multi-proxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index: A critical review and a new well-verified winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Monogr. Ser},
       PAGES = {edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., pp. 63-79, AGU, Washington, D. C},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_briffa1990,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Data analysis, in Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, edited by E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis},
       YEAR = {1990},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1990,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and K. R. Briffa and S. Shiyatov and V. Mazepa},
       TITLE = {Treering standardization and growth-trend estimation, in Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, edited by E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis},
       YEAR = {1990},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1994,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Spatial Regression Methods in Dendroclimatology: A Review and Comparison of Two Techniques},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Clim},
       PAGES = {379-402},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1995a,
       VOLUME = {5 (2)},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and K. R. Briffa and D. M. Meko and D. S. Graybill and G. Funkhouser},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
       TITLE = {The 'segment length curse' in long tree-ring chronology development for paleoclimatic studies},
       PAGES = {229-237},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1995b,
       VOLUME = {5},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and K. R. Briffa and D. M. Meko and D. A. Graybill and G. Funkhouser},
       TITLE = {The ``segment length curse'' in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {229-237},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {10},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and D. M. Meko and C. W. Stockton},
       TITLE = {A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western United States},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1343-1356},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and R. D. D'Arrigo and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {9-17},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and D. M. Meko and D. W. Stahle and M. K. Cleaveland},
       TITLE = {Drought reconstructions for the continental United States},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1145-1162},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and B. M. Buckley and R. D. D'Arrigo and M. J. Peterson},
       TITLE = {Warm-season temperatures since 1600 BC reconstructed from Tasmanian tree rings and their relationship to large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {79-91},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal2002a,
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and R. D. D'Arrigo and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {A wellverified},
       YEAR = {2002a},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1754-1764},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal2002b,
       VOLUME = {29(14)},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and J. G. Palmer and R. D. D'Arrigo},
       TITLE = {Evidence for a ``Medieval Warm Period'' in a 1,100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand},
       YEAR = {2002b},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1667, doi:10.1029/2001GL014580},
}
@ARTICLE{cook_etal2004,
       VOLUME = {23},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Cook and J. Esper and R. D. D'Arrigo},
       TITLE = {Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Sci. Rev},
       PAGES = {2063-2074},
}
@ARTICLE{corre`ge_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {T. Corre`ge and T. Quinn and T. Delcroix and J. ReŽcy and G. Cabioch},
       TITLE = {Little Ice Age sea surface temperature variability in the southwest tropical Pacific},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3477-3480},
}
@ARTICLE{covey_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {37},
       AUTHOR = {C. Covey and U. Cubasch and P. D. Jones and S. J. Lambert and M. E. Mann and T. J. Phillips and K. E. Taylor},
       TITLE = {An overview of results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Global Planet. Change},
       PAGES = {103-133},
}
@ARTICLE{cronin_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {36},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. Cronin and G. S. Dwyer and T. Kamiya and S. Schwede and D. A. Willard},
       TITLE = {Medieval Warm Period},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Global Planet. Change},
       PAGES = {17-29},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley2000,
       VOLUME = {289},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley},
       TITLE = {Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {270-277},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and T. M. Quinn and F. W. Taylor and C. Henin and P. Joannot},
       TITLE = {Evidence for a volcanic cooling signal in a 335-year coral record from New Caledonia},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {633-639},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_etal1999,
       TITLE = {Validation of coral temperature calibrations},
       YEAR = {1999},
       PAGES = {605-615},
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and T. M. Quinn and W. T. Hyde},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(18)},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and S. K. Baum and K. -Y. Kim and G. C. Hegerl and W. T. Hyde},
       TITLE = {Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1932, doi:10.1029/2003GL017801},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_kim1994,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and K. -Y. Kim},
       TITLE = {Toward the development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Sci. Rev},
       PAGES = {375-385},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_kim1996,
       VOLUME = {23},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and Y. -K. Kim},
       TITLE = {Comparison of proxy records of climate change and solar forcing},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {359-362},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_kim1999,
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and K. -Y. Kim},
       TITLE = {Modeling the temperature response to forced climate change over the last six centuries},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1901-1904},
}
@ARTICLE{crowley_lowery2000,
       VOLUME = {29},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Crowley and T. Lowery},
       TITLE = {How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period? A comment on "Man-made versus natural climate change"},
       JOURNAL = {Ambio},
       YEAR = {2000},
       PAGES = {51-54},
}
@ARTICLE{cubasch_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {U. Cubasch and R. Voss and G. C. Hegerl and J. Waszkewitz and T. J. Crowley},
       TITLE = {Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {757-767},
}
@ARTICLE{cubasch_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {U. Cubasch and G. A. Meehl and G. J. Boer and R. J. Stouffer and M. Dix and A. Noda and C. A. Senior and S. C. B. Raper and K. S. Yap},
       TITLE = {Projections of climate change, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by J. T. Houghton et al},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{cullen_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {H. Cullen and R. D. D'Arrigo and E. R. Cook and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {27-39},
}
@ARTICLE{cutler1997,
       VOLUME = {13 April},
       AUTHOR = {A. Cutler},
       TITLE = {The litte ice age: When global cooling gripped the world},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {The Washington Post},
}
@ARTICLE{d'arrigo_etal1993,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {R. D. D'Arrigo and E. R. Cook and G. C. Jacoby and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {NAO and sea surface temperature signatures in tree-ring records from the North Atlantic sector},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Sci. Rev},
       PAGES = {431-440},
}
@ARTICLE{d'arrigo_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {R. D'Arrigo and G. Jacoby and D. Frank and N. Pederson and E. Cook and B. Buckley and B. Nachin and R. Mijiddorj and C. Dugarjav},
       TITLE = {1738 Years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring width chronology of Siberian pine},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {543-546},
}
@ARTICLE{d'arrigo_etal2003a,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {R. D'Arrigo and B. Buckley and S. Kaplan and J. Woollett},
       TITLE = {Interannual to multidecadal modes of Labrador climate variability inferred from tree rings},
       YEAR = {2003a},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {219-228},
}
@ARTICLE{d'arrigo_etal2003b,
       VOLUME = {30(11)},
       AUTHOR = {R. D. D'Arrigo and E. R. Cook and M. E. Mann and G. C. Jacoby},
       TITLE = {Tree-ring reconstructions of temperature and sea-level pressure variability associated with the warm-season Arctic Oscillation since AD 1650},
       YEAR = {2003b},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1549, doi:10.1029/2003GL017250},
}
@ARTICLE{d'arrigo_jacoby1991,
       VOLUME = {1},
       AUTHOR = {R. D. D'Arrigo and G. C. Jacoby},
       TITLE = {A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico},
       YEAR = {1991},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {95-101},
}
@ARTICLE{dahl-jensen_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {282},
       AUTHOR = {D. Dahl-Jensen and K. Mosegaard and N. Gundestrup and G. D. Clow and S. J. Johnsen and A. W. Hansen and N. Balling},
       TITLE = {Past temperatures directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {268-271},
}
@ARTICLE{dai_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {A. Dai and K. E. Trenberth and T. R. Karl},
       TITLE = {Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3367-3370},
}
@ARTICLE{dai_fung1997,
       VOLUME = {10},
       AUTHOR = {A. Dai and I. Y. Fung},
       TITLE = {Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {2943-2962},
}
@ARTICLE{damon_peristykh1999,
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {P. E. Damon and A. N. Peristykh},
       TITLE = {Solar cycle length and 20th century Northern Hemisphere warming: Revisited},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2469-2472},
}
@ARTICLE{delworth_dixon2000,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {T. L. Delworth and K. W. Dixon},
       TITLE = {Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {3721-3727},
}
@ARTICLE{delworth_mann2000,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {T. L. Delworth and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {661-676},
}
@ARTICLE{demenocal_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {83(47)},
       AUTHOR = {P. deMenocal and T. Marchitto and T. Guilderson},
       TITLE = {Amplitudes and phasing of surface and deep NWAtlantic ocean temperature changes during the late Holocene},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {AGU Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract PP71C-07},
}
@ARTICLE{devries_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {276},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. DeVries and L. Ortlieb and A. Diaz and L. Wells},
       TITLE = {Determining the early history of El Nin~o},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {965-966},
}
@ARTICLE{druckenbrod_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {84},
       AUTHOR = {D. Druckenbrod and M. E. Mann and D. W. Stahle and M. K. Cleaveland and M. D. Therrell and H. H. Shugart},
       TITLE = {Late 18th century precipitation reconstructions from James Madison's Montpelier Plantation},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {57-71},
}
@ARTICLE{dunbar1999,
       VOLUME = {Bern. (Available at www.pages.unibe.ch)},
       AUTHOR = {R. B. Dunbar},
       TITLE = {ARTS--Annual records of tropical systems, (ARTS), recommendations for research: Summary of scientific priorities and implementation strategies, PAGES Rep. 1999-1},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Past Global Change},
}
@ARTICLE{dunbar_etal1994,
       VOLUME = {9},
       AUTHOR = {R. B. Dunbar and G. M. Wellington and M. W. Colgan and P. W. Glynn},
       TITLE = {Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature since 1600 A.D.: The d18O record of climate variability in Galapagos corals},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {291-315},
}
@ARTICLE{dunbar_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {R. B. Dunbar and B. K. Linsley and G. M. Wellington},
       TITLE = {Eastern Pacific corals monitor El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation, precipita- tion, and sea surface temperature variability over the past three centuries},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 375-407, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{easton1928,
       VOLUME = {208 pp},
       AUTHOR = {C. Easton},
       TITLE = {. Les hivers dans l'Europe occidentale},
       YEAR = {1928},
       JOURNAL = {. Les hivers dans l'Europe occidentale},
       PAGES = {Brill, Leiden, Netherlands},
}
@ARTICLE{engelen_buisman2001,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {A. F. V. van Engelen and J. Buisman},
       TITLE = {A millennium of weather, winds and water in the low countries, in History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, edited by P. D. Jones et al},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{esper_etal2002a,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {J. Esper and F. H Schweingruber and Matthias Winiger},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
       TITLE = {1300 years of climatic history for Western Central Asia inferred from tree-rings},
       PAGES = {267-277},
}
@ARTICLE{esper_etal2002b,
       VOLUME = {295},
       AUTHOR = {J. Esper and E. R. Cook and F. H. Schweingruber},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       TITLE = {Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability},
       PAGES = {2250-2253},
}
@ARTICLE{etheridge_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {101},
       AUTHOR = {D. M. Etheridge and L. P. Steele and R. L. Langenfelds and R. J. Francey and J. M. Barnola and V. I. Morgan},
       TITLE = {Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {4115-4128},
}
@ARTICLE{evans_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {M. N. Evans and A. Kaplan and M. A. Cane},
       TITLE = {Optimal sites for coral-based reconstruction of global sea surface temperature},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {502-516},
}
@ARTICLE{evans_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {17(1)},
       AUTHOR = {M. N. Evans and A. Kaplan and M. A. Cane},
       TITLE = {Pacific sea surface temperature field reconstruction from coral d18O data using reduced space objective analysis},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {1007, doi:10.1029/2000PA000590},
}
@ARTICLE{felis_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750},
       AUTHOR = {T. Felis and J. Patzold and Y. Loya and M. Fine and A. H. Nawar and G. Wefer},
       TITLE = {A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {ENSO},
       PAGES = {Paleoceanography, 15, 679-694},
}
@ARTICLE{ferguson_graybill1983,
       TITLE = {Dendrochronology of bristlecone pine: a progress report},
       YEAR = {1983},
       PAGES = {287-288},
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {C. W. Ferguson and D. A. Graybill},
       JOURNAL = {Radiocarbon},
}
@ARTICLE{fisher_etal1995,
       TITLE = {Holocene climatic records from Agassiz ice cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada},
       YEAR = {1995},
       PAGES = {19-24},
       VOLUME = {5},
       AUTHOR = {iD. A. Fisher and R. M. Koerner and N. Reeh},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{fisher_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {D. A. Fisher and R. M. Koerner and K. Kuiviner and H. B. Clausen and S. J. Johnsen and J. -P. Steffensen and N. Gundestrup and C. U. Hammer},
       TITLE = {Inter-comparison of ice core and precipitation records from sites in Canada and Greenland over the last 3500 years and over the last few centuries in detail using EOF techniques},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 297-328, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{fisher_koerner1994,
       TITLE = {Signal and Noise in four ice-core records from the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada: Details of the lastmillennium for stable isotopes, melt and solid conductivity },
       YEAR = {1994},
       PAGES = {113-120},
       VOLUME = {4},
       AUTHOR = {D. A. Fisher and R. M. Koerner},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{folland2001b,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {C. K. Folland},
       TITLE = {Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861},
       YEAR = {2001b},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2621-2624},
}
@ARTICLE{folland_etal2001,
       AUTHOR = {C. K. Folland and T. R. Karl and J. R. Christy and R. A. Clarke and G. V. Gruza and J. Jouzel and M. E. Mann and J. Oerlemans and M. J. Salinger and S. -W. Wang},
       TITLE = {Observed Climate Variability and Change},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {in Houghton J. T. et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge},
       PAGES = {99-181},
}
@ARTICLE{folland_etal2001a,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {C. K. Folland and T. R. Karl and J. R. Christy and R. A. Clarke and G. V. Gruza and J. Jouzel and M. E. Mann and J. Oerlemans and M. J. Salinger and S. -W. Wang},
       TITLE = {Observed climate variability and change, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by J. T. Houghton et al},
       YEAR = {2001a},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{foukal2002,
       VOLUME = {29(23)},
       AUTHOR = {P. Foukal},
       TITLE = {A comparison of variable solar total and ultraviolet irradiance outputs in the 20th century},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2089, doi:10.1029/2002GL015474},
}
@ARTICLE{frappier_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {298},
       AUTHOR = {A. Frappier and D. Sahagian and L. A. Gonzalez and S. J. Carpenter},
       TITLE = {El Nin~o events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotopes},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {565},
}
@ARTICLE{free_robock1999,
       VOLUME = {104},
       AUTHOR = {M. Free and A. Robock},
       TITLE = {Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {19,057-19,070},
}
@ARTICLE{fritts1976,
       AUTHOR = {H. C. Fritts},
       TITLE = {Tree Rings and Climate, 567 pp., Academic},
       YEAR = {1976},
       JOURNAL = {Calif},
}
@ARTICLE{fritts1991,
       VOLUME = {Tucson},
       AUTHOR = {H. C. Fritts},
       TITLE = {Reconstructing Large-scale Climatic Patterns From Tree-Ring Data},
       YEAR = {1991},
       JOURNAL = {Univ. of Ariz. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{fritts_etal1971,
       VOLUME = {10},
       AUTHOR = {H. C. Fritts and T. J. Blasing and B. P. Hayden and J. E. Kutzbach},
       TITLE = {Multivariate techniques for specifying tree-growth and climate relationships and for reconstructing anomalies in paleoclimate},
       YEAR = {1971},
       JOURNAL = {J. Appl. Meteorol},
       PAGES = {845-864},
}
@ARTICLE{gajewski,
       TITLE = {Late Holocene climate changes in eastern North America estimated from pollen data},
       YEAR = { },
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = { },
       AUTHOR = {K. Gajewski},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
}
@ARTICLE{gajewski1988,
       TITLE = {Late Holocene climate changes in eastern North America estimated from pollen data},
       YEAR = {1988},
       PAGES = {255-262},
       VOLUME = {29},
       AUTHOR = {K. Gajewski},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
}
@ARTICLE{ganopolski_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {280},
       AUTHOR = {A. Ganopolski and C. Kubatzki and M. Claussen and V. Brovkin and V. Petoukhov},
       TITLE = {The influence of vegetation-atmosphereocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1916-1919},
}
@ARTICLE{garcia_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {82},
       AUTHOR = {R. R. Garcia and H. F. Diaz and R. G. Herrera and J. Eischeid and E. Hernandez and L. Gimeno and F. R. Duran and A. M. Bascary},
       TITLE = {Atmospheric circulation changes in the tropical Pacific inferred from the voyages of the Manila Galleons in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {2435-2455},
}
@ARTICLE{gerber_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {S. Gerber and F. Joos and P. P. Bruegger and T. F. Stocker and M. E. Mann and S. Sitch},
       TITLE = {Constraining temperature variations over the last millennium by comparing simulated and observed atmospheric CO2},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {281-299},
}
@ARTICLE{ghil_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {40(1)},
       AUTHOR = {M. Ghil and M. R. Allen and M. D. Dettinger and K. Ide and D. Kondrashov and M. E. Mann and A. W. Robertson and A. Saunders and Y. Tian and F. Varadi and P. Yiou},
       TITLE = {Advanced spectral methods for climatic time series},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys},
       PAGES = {1003, doi:10.1029/2000RG000092},
}
@ARTICLE{gillett_etal2002,
       AUTHOR = {N. P. Gillett and G. C. Hegerl and M. R. Allen and P. A. Stott and R. Schnur},
       TITLE = {Reconciling Two Approaches to the Detection of Anthropogenic Influence on Climate},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = { Journal of Climate Volume},
}
@ARTICLE{glaser2001,
       AUTHOR = {R. Glaser},
       TITLE = {Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas: 1000 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen, 227 pp., Primus},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Germany},
}
@ARTICLE{gonzalez-rouco_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(21)},
       AUTHOR = {F. Gonzalez-Rouco and H. von Storch and E. Zorita},
       TITLE = {Deep soil temperature as proxy for surface air-temperature in a coupled model simulation of the last thousand years},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2116, doi:10.1029/2003GL018264},
}
@ARTICLE{goosse_etal2005,
       TITLE = {Internal and forced climate variability during the last millennium: a model-data comparison using ensemble simulations},
       JOURNAL = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {1345-­1360},
       VOLUME = {24},
       AUTHOR = {H. Goosse and H. Renssen and A. Timmermann and  R. S. Bradley},
}
@ARTICLE{goulden1956,
       TITLE = {Methods of Statistical Analysis},
       JOURNAL = {Wiley, New York},
       YEAR = {1956},
       PAGES = { },
       AUTHOR = {C. H. Goulden},
}
@ARTICLE{govindasamy_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {B. Govindasamy and P. Duffy and K. Caldeira},
       TITLE = {Land use changes and Northern Hemisphere cooling},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {291-294},
}
@ARTICLE{graumlich1993,
       VOLUME = {39},
       AUTHOR = {L. J. Graumlich},
       TITLE = {A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       PAGES = {249-255},
}
@ARTICLE{graybill_idso1993a,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {D. Graybill and S. Idso},
       TITLE = {Detecting the aerial fertilization effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in tree- ring cohronologies},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
       PAGES = {81-95},
}
@ARTICLE{graybill_idso1993b,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {D. A. Graybill and S. B. Idso},
       TITLE = {Detecting the aerial fertilization effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in tree-ring chronologies},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
       PAGES = {81-95},
}
@ARTICLE{grove1988,
       AUTHOR = {J. M. Grove},
       TITLE = {The Little Ice Age, 498 pp},
       YEAR = {1988},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{grove_switsur1994,
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {J. M. Grove and R. Switsur},
       TITLE = {Glacial geological evidence for the Medieval Warm Period},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {143-169},
}
@ARTICLE{grudd_etal2002,
       TITLE = {A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {657-666},
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {H. Grudd and K. R. Briffa and W. Karlen and T. S. Bartholin and P. D. Jones and B. Kromer},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{guiot1985,
       VOLUME = {5},
       AUTHOR = {J. Guiot},
       TITLE = {The extrapolation of recent climatological series with spectral canonical regression},
       YEAR = {1985},
       JOURNAL = {J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {325-335},
}
@ARTICLE{guiot1988,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {J. Guiot},
       TITLE = {The combination of historical documents and biological data in the reconstruction of climate variations in space and time},
       YEAR = {1988},
       JOURNAL = {Palaeoclimatforschung},
       PAGES = {93-104},
}
@ARTICLE{gupta_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {421},
       AUTHOR = {A. K. Gupta and D. M. Anderson and J. T. Overpeck},
       TITLE = {Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {354- 357},
}
@ARTICLE{hansen2002,
       VOLUME = {107(D18)},
       AUTHOR = {J. Hansen},
       TITLE = {Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {4347, doi:10.1029/2001JD001143},
}
@ARTICLE{hansen_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {104},
       AUTHOR = {J. Hansen and R. Ruedy and J. Glascoe and M. Sato},
       TITLE = {GISS analysis of surface temperature change},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {30,997-31,022},
}
@ARTICLE{hansen_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {106},
       AUTHOR = {J. Hansen and R. Ruedy and M. Sato and M. Imhoff and W. Lawrence and D. Easterling and T. Peterson and T. Karl},
       TITLE = {A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {23,947-23,963},
}
@ARTICLE{hansen_lebedeff1987,
       VOLUME = {92},
       AUTHOR = {J. Hansen and S. Lebedeff},
       TITLE = {Global trends of measured surface air temperature},
       YEAR = {1987},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {13,345-13,372},
}
@ARTICLE{hantemirov_shiyatov2002,
       TITLE = { A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Russia},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {717-726},
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {R. M. Hantemirov and S. G. A. Shiyatov},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{hardy_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {D. R. Hardy and R. S. Bradley and B. Zolitschka},
       TITLE = {The climatic signal in varved sediments from Lake C-2},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Paleolimnol},
       PAGES = {227-238},
}
@ARTICLE{harris_chapman1997,
       VOLUME = {275},
       AUTHOR = {R. N. Harris and D. S. Chapman},
       TITLE = {Borehole temperatures and a baseline for 20th-century global warming estimates},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1618-1621},
}
@ARTICLE{harris_chapman2001a,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {R. N. Harris and D. S. Chapman},
       TITLE = {Mid-latitude (30-60N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {747-750},
}
@ARTICLE{harris_chapman2001b,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {R. N. Harris and D. S. Chapman},
       TITLE = {Mid-latitude (30 - 60 N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {747-750},
}
@ARTICLE{hegerl_etal2003,
       TITLE = {Detection of volcanic, solar and greenhouse gas signals in paleo-reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperature},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       YEAR = {2003},
       PAGES = {1242, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016635},
       VOLUME = {30(5)},
       AUTHOR = {G. C. Hegerl and T. J. Crowley and S. K. Baum and K. -Y. Kim and W. T. Hyde},
}
@ARTICLE{hegerl_etal2005+,
       TITLE = {A new 1500 yr climate reconstruction: enhanced low frequency variability and the fingerprint of anthropogenic warming},
       JOURNAL = { },
       YEAR = {2005+},
       PAGES = {(submitted)},
       VOLUME = { },
       AUTHOR = {G. C. Hegerl and T. J. Crowley and M. R. Allen and W. T. Hyde and H. N. Pollack and J. E. Smerdon and E. Zorita},
}
@ARTICLE{hendy_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {295},
       AUTHOR = {E. J. Hendy and M. K. Gagan and C. A. Alibert and M. T. McCulloch and J. M. Lough and P. J. Isdale},
       TITLE = {Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1511-1514},
}
@ARTICLE{hewitt1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {C. D. Hewitt},
       TITLE = {A fully coupled GCM simulation of the climate of the mid-Holocene},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {361-364},
}
@ARTICLE{hodell_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {375},
       AUTHOR = {D. A. Hodell and J. H. Curtis and M. Brenner},
       TITLE = {Possible role of climate in the collapse of the classic Maya civilization},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {391-394},
}
@ARTICLE{hoffman_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {103},
       AUTHOR = {G. Hoffman and M. Werner and M. Heimann},
       TITLE = {Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {16,871-16,896},
}
@ARTICLE{hoffman_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {106},
       AUTHOR = {G. Hoffman and J. Jouzel and S. Johnsen},
       TITLE = {Deuterium excess record from central Greenland over the last millennium: Hints of a North Atlantic signal during the Little Ice Age},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {14,265-14,274},
}
@ARTICLE{huang2004,
       VOLUME = {31},
       AUTHOR = {S. Huang},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       TITLE = {Merging information from different resources for new insight into climate change in the past and future},
       PAGES = {L13205},
}
@ARTICLE{huang_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {403},
       AUTHOR = {S. Huang and H. N. Pollack and P. -Y. Shen},
       TITLE = {Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {756-758},
}
@ARTICLE{hughen_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {380},
       AUTHOR = {K. A. Hughen and J. T. Overpeck and L. C. Peterson and S. Trumbore},
       TITLE = {Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {51-54},
}
@ARTICLE{hughen_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {Canada},
       AUTHOR = {K. A. Hughen and J. T. Overpeck and R. Anderson},
       TITLE = {Recent warming in a 500-year paleoclimate record from Upper Soper Lake},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Baffin Island},
       PAGES = {Holocene, 10, 9-19},
}
@ARTICLE{hughes_brown1992,
       VOLUME = {6},
       AUTHOR = {M. K. Hughes and P. M. Brown},
       TITLE = {Drought frequency in central California since 101 B. C. recorded in giant sequoia tree rings},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {161-167},
}
@ARTICLE{hughes_diaz1994,
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {M. K. Hughes and H. F. Diaz},
       TITLE = {Was there a `Medieval Warm Period' and if so},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {109-142},
}
@ARTICLE{hughes_funkhouser1999,
       AUTHOR = {M. K. Hughes and G. Funkhouser},
       TITLE = {Extremes of moisture availability reconstructed from tree rings for recent millennia in the Great Basin of western North America, in The Impacts of Climate Variability on Forests, edited by M. Beniston and J. Innes, pp. 99-107},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{hughes_funkhouser2003,
       VOLUME = {59},
       AUTHOR = {M. K. Hughes and G. Funkhouser},
       TITLE = {Frequency-dependent climate signal in upper and lower forest border trees in the mountains of the Great Basin},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {233-244},
}
@ARTICLE{hughes_graumlich1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {M. K. Hughes and L. J. Graumlich},
       TITLE = {Multimillennial dendroclimatic records from western North America},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 109-124, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{hulme1992,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {M. Hulme},
       TITLE = {A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {57-72},
}
@ARTICLE{hulme_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {M. Hulme and T. J. Osborn and T. C. Johns},
       TITLE = {Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulations},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3379-3382},
}
@ARTICLE{huntley_prentice1993,
       VOLUME = {Minneapolis},
       AUTHOR = {B. Huntley and I. C. Prentice},
       TITLE = {Holocene vegetation and climates in Europe, in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, edited by H. E. Wright Jr. et al},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Univ. of Minn. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{ingram_etal1981,
       TITLE = {The use of documentary sources for the study of past climates},
       YEAR = {1981},
       PAGES = {180-213},
       VOLUME = {edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer},
       AUTHOR = {M. J. Ingram and D. J. Underhill and G. Farmer},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{ipcc2001,
       TITLE = {Climate change 2001: the scientific basis},
       YEAR = {2001},
       PAGES = { },
       AUTHOR = {IPCC},
       JOURNAL = {Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
}
@ARTICLE{isdale_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {Holocene},
       AUTHOR = {P. J. Isdale and B. J. Stewart and K. S. Tickle and J. M. Lough},
       TITLE = {Paleohydrological variation in a tropical river catchment: A reconstruction using flourescent bands in corals of the Great Barrier Reef},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Australia},
       PAGES = {8, 1-8},
}
@ARTICLE{jacoby_d'arrigo1989,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {G. C. Jacoby and R. D. D'Arrigo},
       TITLE = {Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on highlatitude tree-ring data from North America},
       YEAR = {1989},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {39-59},
}
@ARTICLE{jacoby_d'arrigo1990,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {G. C. Jacoby and R. D. D'Arrigo},
       TITLE = {Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.)},
       YEAR = {1990},
       JOURNAL = {Dendrocronologia},
       PAGES = {83-98},
}
@ARTICLE{jansen_koc2000,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {E. Jansen and N. Koc},
       TITLE = {Century to decadal scale records of Norwegian sea surface temperature variations of the past 2 millennia},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {PAGES Newsl},
       PAGES = {13-14},
}
@ARTICLE{jones1998,
       TITLE = {It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       YEAR = {1998},
       PAGES = {544-545},
       VOLUME = {280},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones},
}
@ARTICLE{jones2001,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Early European instrumental records, in History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, edited by P. D. Jones et al},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_briffa1992a,
       VOLUME = {1},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Global surface temperature variations during the 20th century: Part 1: Spatial, temporal and seasonal details},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {165-179},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_briffa1992b,
       VOLUME = {temporal and seasonal details},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 1},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Spatial},
       PAGES = {Holocene, 2, 165-179},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_briffa1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {What can the instrumental record tell us about longer timescale paleoclimatic reconstructions?},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 625-644, SpringerVerlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal1986,
       VOLUME = {332},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. M. L. Wigley and P. B. Wright},
       TITLE = {Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984},
       YEAR = {1986},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {430-434},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal1997a,
       VOLUME = {10},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages},
       YEAR = {1997a},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {2548-2568},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal1997b,
       TITLE = {Extensions to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and southwest Iceland},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       YEAR = {1997b},
       PAGES = {1433-1450},
       VOLUME = {17},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. J\'onsson and D. Wheeler},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa and T. P. Barnett and S. F. B. Tett},
       TITLE = {High-Resolution Paleoclimatic Records for the Last Millennium: Interpretation, Integration and Comparison with Circulation Model Control-Run Temperatures},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {455-471},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {37},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and M. New and D. E. Parker and S. Martin and I. G. Rigor},
       TITLE = {Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys},
       PAGES = {173-199},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal2001a,
       VOLUME = {292},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. J. Osborn and K. B. Briffa},
       TITLE = {The Evolution of Climate Over the Last Millennium},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {662-667},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal2001b,
       TITLE = {Adjusting for sample density in grid-box land and ocean surface temperature time series},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       YEAR = {2001},
       PAGES = {3371- 3380},
       VOLUME = {106},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa and C. K. Folland and E. B. Horton and L. V. Alexander and D. E. Parker and N. A. Rayner},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal2003a,
       VOLUME = {108(D18)},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa and T. J. Osborn},
       TITLE = {Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: Implications for paleoclimatology?},
       YEAR = {2003a},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {4588, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003695},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal2003b,
       VOLUME = {vol. 134},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Pressure-based measures of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): A comparison and an assessment of changes in the NAO and in its influence on surface climate parameters},
       YEAR = {2003b},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Monogr. Ser},
       PAGES = {edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., pp. 51- 62, AGU, Washington D. C},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_etal2003c,
       VOLUME = {vol. 139},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and A. Moberg and T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Surface climate responses to explosive volcanic eruptions seen in long European temperature records and mid-to-high latitude treering density around the Northern Hemisphere},
       YEAR = {2003c},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Monogr. Ser},
       PAGES = {edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 239- 254, AGU, Washington, D. C},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_mann2004,
       TITLE = {Climate over past millennia},
       JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys},
       YEAR = {2004},
       PAGES = {doi:10.1029/2003RG000143},
       VOLUME = {42},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and M. E. Mann},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_moberg2003,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {P. D. Jones and A. Moberg},
       TITLE = {Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {206-223},
}
@ARTICLE{jones_widmann2003,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {J. Jones and M. Widmann},
       TITLE = {Instrument- and tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Antarctic Oscillation},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {3511- 3524},
}
@ARTICLE{joshi_etal2003,
       TITLE = {A comparison of climate response to different radiative forcings in three general circulation models: towards an improved metric of climate change},
       JOURNAL = {Climate Dynamics},
       YEAR = {2003},
       PAGES = {843-854},
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {M. Joshi and K. Shine and M. Ponater and N. Stuber and R. Sausen and L. Li},
}
@ARTICLE{joussaume1999,
       TITLE = {Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP)},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       YEAR = {1999},
       PAGES = {859-862},
       VOLUME = {26},
       AUTHOR = {S. Joussaume},
}
@ARTICLE{jošhanneson_etal1989,
       VOLUME = {35},
       AUTHOR = {T. Jošhanneson and C. Raymond and E. Waddington},
       TITLE = {Timescale for adjustment of glaciers to changes in mass balance},
       YEAR = {1989},
       JOURNAL = {J. Glaciol},
       PAGES = {355-369},
}
@ARTICLE{kaplan_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {102(C13)},
       AUTHOR = {A. Kaplan and Y. Kushnir and M. A. Cane and M. B. Blumenthal},
       TITLE = {Reduced space optimal analysis for historical data sets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {27,835-27,860},
}
@ARTICLE{kaplan_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {103},
       AUTHOR = {A. Kaplan and M. A. Cane and Y. Kushnir and A. C. Clement},
       TITLE = {Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {18,567-18,589},
}
@ARTICLE{kaplan_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {A. Kaplan and Y. Kushnir and M. A. Cane},
       TITLE = {Reduced space optimal interpolation of historical marine sea level pressure},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {2987-3002},
}
@ARTICLE{karl_knight1998,
       VOLUME = {79},
       AUTHOR = {T. R. Karl and R. W. Knight},
       TITLE = {Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {1107-1119},
}
@ARTICLE{keigwin1996,
       VOLUME = {274},
       AUTHOR = {L. D. Keigwin},
       TITLE = {The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1504-1508},
}
@ARTICLE{keigwin_pickart1999,
       VOLUME = {286},
       AUTHOR = {L. D. Keigwin and R. S. Pickart},
       TITLE = {Slope water current over the Laurentian Fan on interannual to millennial time scales},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {520-523},
}
@ARTICLE{kitoh_murakami2002,
       VOLUME = {17(3)},
       AUTHOR = {A. Kitoh and S. Murakami},
       TITLE = {Tropical Pacific climate at the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Paleooceanography},
       PAGES = {1047, doi:10.1029/2001PA000724},
}
@ARTICLE{korhola_etal2000,
       TITLE = {A quantitative Holocene climatic record from diatoms in northern Fennoscandia},
       YEAR = {2000},
       PAGES = {284-294},
       VOLUME = {54},
       AUTHOR = {A. Korhola and J. Weckstr\"om and L. Holmstr\"om and P. Er\"ast\"o},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
}
@ARTICLE{koutavas_sachs2002,
       VOLUME = {297},
       AUTHOR = {J. Koutavas and J. P. Sachs},
       TITLE = {El Nin~o-like pattern in Ice Age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {226-230},
}
@ARTICLE{košnnen_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {11},
       AUTHOR = {G. P. Košnnen and P. D. Jones and M. H. Kaltofen and R. J. Allan},
       TITLE = {Pre-1866 extensions of the Southern Oscillation Index using early Indonesian and Tahitian meteorological readings},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {2325-2339},
}
@ARTICLE{košnnen_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {G. P. Košnnen and M. Zaiki and A. P. M. Baede and T. Mikami and P. D. Jones and T. Tsukuhara},
       TITLE = {Pre-1873 extension of the Japanese instrumental meteorologcal observation series back to 1819},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {118-131},
}
@ARTICLE{kutzbach_guetter1980,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Kutzbach and P. J. Guetter},
       TITLE = {On the design of paleoenvironmental data networks for estimating large-scale patterns of climate},
       YEAR = {1980},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       PAGES = {169-187},
}
@ARTICLE{ladurie1971,
       VOLUME = {426 pp},
       AUTHOR = {E. Ladurie},
       TITLE = {Times of Feast, Times of Famine},
       YEAR = {1971},
       JOURNAL = {translated from French by B. Bray},
       PAGES = {Doubleday, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{laird_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {384},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Laird and S. C. Fritz and K. A. Maasch and B. F. Cumming},
       TITLE = {Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the northern Great Plains},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {552-554},
}
@ARTICLE{laird_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {19},
       AUTHOR = {K. R. Laird and S. C. Fritz and B. F. Cumming},
       TITLE = {A diatombased reconstruction of drought intensity, duration, and frequency from Moon Lake},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Paleolimnol},
       PAGES = {161-179},
}
@ARTICLE{lamarche1974a,
       VOLUME = {183},
       AUTHOR = {V. C. (Jr. ) LaMarche},
       YEAR = {1974},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       TITLE = {Paleoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records},
       PAGES = {1043-1048},
}
@ARTICLE{lamarche1974b,
       TITLE = {Frequency-dependent relationships between tree-ring series along an ecological gradient and some dendroclimatic implications},
       YEAR = {1974},
       PAGES = {1-20},
       VOLUME = {34},
       AUTHOR = {V. C. LaMarche},
       JOURNAL = {Tree-Ring Bull},
}
@ARTICLE{lamarche_hirschboeck1984,
       TITLE = {Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic eruptions},
       YEAR = {1984},
       PAGES = {121-126},
       VOLUME = {307},
       AUTHOR = {V. C. LaMarche and K. K. Hirschboeck},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
}
@ARTICLE{lamb1965,
       VOLUME = {1},
       AUTHOR = {H. H. Lamb},
       TITLE = {The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel},
       YEAR = {1965},
       JOURNAL = {Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol},
       PAGES = {13-37},
}
@ARTICLE{lamb1977,
       AUTHOR = {H. H. Lamb},
       TITLE = {Climate History and the Future, vol. 2, Climate: Present, Past and Future, 835 pp},
       YEAR = {1977},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{lamoureux_bradley1996,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {S. F. Lamoureux and R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {A 3300 year varved sediment record of environmental change from northern Ellesmere Island},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Paleolimnol},
       PAGES = {239-255},
}
@ARTICLE{lara_villalba1993,
       VOLUME = {260},
       AUTHOR = {A. Lara and R. Villalba},
       TITLE = {A 3620-year temperature record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in southern South America},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1104-1106},
}
@ARTICLE{lauritzen_lundberg1999,
       VOLUME = {9},
       AUTHOR = {S. -E. Lauritzen and J. Lundberg},
       TITLE = {Speleothems and climate: A special issue of the Holocene},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {643-647},
}
@ARTICLE{lean2000,
       VOLUME = {27},
       AUTHOR = {J. Lean},
       TITLE = {Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder Minimum},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2425-2428},
}
@ARTICLE{lean_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {22},
       AUTHOR = {J. Lean and J. Beer and R. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for climate change},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3195-3198},
}
@ARTICLE{lean_etal2002,
       TITLE = {The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {2224, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015880},
       VOLUME = {29(24)},
       AUTHOR = {J. L. Lean and Y. -M. Wang and N. R. Sheeley Jr},
}
@ARTICLE{leavitt_etal1995,
       AUTHOR = {S. W. Leavitt and M. K. Hughes and L. Yu and A. Zhisheng},
       TITLE = {Stable carbon isotope tree-ring chronologies from Xian, China, in Tree Rings: From The Past to the Future, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Asian and Pacific Dendrochronology, pp. 182-186, For. and For. Prod. and Res. Inst},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Japan. Le Roy},
}
@ARTICLE{leclerc_schmidt2001,
       VOLUME = {28},
       AUTHOR = {A. Leclerc and G. Schmidt},
       TITLE = {A calibration of the oxygen isotope paleothermometer of coral aragonite from porites},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {4135-4138},
}
@ARTICLE{legutke_voss1999,
       TITLE = {ECHO-G, the Hamburg atmosphere-ocean coupled circulation model},
       JOURNAL = {DKRZ technical report, DRKZ, Hamburg},
       YEAR = {1999},
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {S. Legutke and R. Voss},
}
@ARTICLE{linsley_etal1994,
       VOLUME = {99},
       AUTHOR = {B. K. Linsley and R. B. Dunbar and G. M. Wellington and D. A. Muccaiarone},
       TITLE = {A coral-based reconstruction of Intertropical Convergence Zone variability over Central America since 1707},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {9977-9994},
}
@ARTICLE{linsley_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {290},
       AUTHOR = {B. K. Linsley and G. M. Wellington and D. P. Schrag},
       TITLE = {Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the sub-tropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1145-1148},
}
@ARTICLE{little_rubin1987,
       TITLE = {Statistical analysis with missing data},
       JOURNAL = {John Wiley and Sons},
       YEAR = {1987},
       PAGES = {pp. 278},
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {R. J. A. Little and D. B. Rubin},
}
@ARTICLE{liu_brady2003,
       VOLUME = {18(2)},
       AUTHOR = {Z. Liu and E. Brady},
       TITLE = {Global ocean response to orbital forcing in the Holocene},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {1041, doi:10.1029/2002PA000819},
}
@ARTICLE{liu_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {27},
       AUTHOR = {Z. Liu and J. Kutzbach and L. Wu},
       TITLE = {Modeling climate shift of El Nin~o variability in the Holocene},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2265-2268},
}
@ARTICLE{lough_barnes1997,
       VOLUME = {211},
       AUTHOR = {J. M. Lough and D. J. Barnes},
       TITLE = {Several centuries of variation in skeletal extension},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol},
       PAGES = {29-67},
}
@ARTICLE{luckman_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {Canada},
       AUTHOR = {B. H. Luckman and K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones and F. H. Schweingruber},
       TITLE = {Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Alberta},
       PAGES = {A.D. 1073-1983, Holocene, 7, 375-389},
}
@ARTICLE{luterbacher2002a,
       VOLUME = {2},
       AUTHOR = {J. Luterbacher},
       TITLE = {Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500},
       YEAR = {2002a},
       JOURNAL = {Atmos. Sci. Lett},
       PAGES = {114-124, doi:10.1006/asle.2001.0044},
}
@ARTICLE{luterbacher_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {26(17)},
       AUTHOR = {J. Luterbacher and C. Schmutz and D. Gyalistras and E. Xoplaki and H. Wanner},
       TITLE = {Reconstruction of monthly NAO and EU indices back to AD 1675},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2745-2748},
}
@ARTICLE{luterbacher_etal2002b,
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {J. Luterbacher and E. Xoplaki and D. Dietrich and R. Rickli and J. Jacobeit and C. Beck and D. Gyalistras and C. Schmutz and H. Wanner},
       TITLE = {Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500},
       YEAR = {2002b},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {545-561},
}
@ARTICLE{manley1974,
       VOLUME = {100},
       AUTHOR = {G. Manley},
       TITLE = {Central England temperatures: Monthly means 1659 to 1973},
       YEAR = {1974},
       JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {389-405},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2001a,
       VOLUME = {82(46)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Reconstructing the climate of the Late Holocene},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {553},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2001b,
       TITLE = {Climate during the past millennium},
       YEAR = {2001},
       PAGES = {91-101},
       VOLUME = {56},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       JOURNAL = {Weather},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2001a,
       VOLUME = {Weather},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Climate during the past millennium},
       YEAR = {2001a},
       JOURNAL = {Climate during the past millennium},
       PAGES = {56, 91-101},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2001b,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Large-scale temperature patterns in past centuries: Implications for North American climate change},
       YEAR = {2001b},
       JOURNAL = {Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess},
       PAGES = {1247-1254},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2002a,
       VOLUME = {Science},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {The value of multiple proxies},
       YEAR = {2002a},
       JOURNAL = {The value of multiple proxies},
       PAGES = {297, 1481-1482},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2002b,
       VOLUME = {55},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Large-scale climate variability and connections with the Middle East in past centuries},
       YEAR = {2002b},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {287-314},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2003a,
       VOLUME = {84(27)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth},
       YEAR = {2003a},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {256-257},
}
@ARTICLE{mann2004,
       VOLUME = {31},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {On smoothing potentially nonstationary climate time series},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {L07214, doi:10.1029/2004GL019569},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {378},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and J. Park and R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Global interdecadal and century-scale oscillations during the past five centuries},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {266-270},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal1998a,
       VOLUME = {392},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       TITLE = {Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries},
       PAGES = {779-787},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal1998b,
       TITLE = {Global temperature patterns},
       YEAR = {1998},
       PAGES = {280, 2029-2030},
       VOLUME = {Science},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes and P. D. Jones},
       JOURNAL = {Global temperature patterns},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {26 (6)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes},
       TITLE = {Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations},
       JOURNAL = { Geophysical Research Letters},
       YEAR = {1999},
       PAGES = {759-762},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal2000a,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes},
       TITLE = {Long-term variability in the El Nin~o Southern Oscillation and associated teleconnections, in El Nin~o and the Southern Oscillation: Multi- scale Variability and Its Impacts on Natural Ecosystems and Society, edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf},
       YEAR = {2000a},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal2000b,
       VOLUME = {4. (Available at http://EarthInteractions.org)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and E. Gille and J. Overpeck and W. Gross and R. S. Bradley and F. T. Keimig and M. K. Hughes},
       TITLE = {Global temperature patterns in past centuries: An interactive presentation},
       YEAR = {2000b},
       JOURNAL = {Earth Interact},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal2003,
       TITLE = {Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       YEAR = {2003},
       PAGES = {4203, doi:10.1029/2002JD002532},
       VOLUME = {108(D7)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and S. Rutherford and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes and F. T. Keimig},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal2004,
       TITLE = {Corrigendum: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       YEAR = {2004},
       PAGES = {105},
       VOLUME = {430},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_etal2005,
       TITLE = {Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructions of past climate},
       JOURNAL = {Journal of Climate},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {4097-4107},
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and S. Rutherford and E. Wahl and C. Ammann},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_hughes2002,
       VOLUME = {296},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and M. K. Hughes},
       TITLE = {Tree-ring chronologies and climate variability},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {848},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_jones2003,
       VOLUME = {30(15)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1820, doi:10.1029/2003GL017814},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_park1994,
       VOLUME = {99},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and J. Park},
       TITLE = {Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {25,819-25,833},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_rutherford2002,
       TITLE = {Climate Reconstruction Using "Pseudoproxies"},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {1501, doi:10.1029/ 2001GL014554},
       VOLUME = {29 (10)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and S. Rutherford},
}
@ARTICLE{mann_schmidt2003,
       VOLUME = {30(12)},
       AUTHOR = {M. E. Mann and G. A. Schmidt},
       TITLE = {Ground vs. Surface Air Temperature Trends: Implications for Borehole Surface Temperature Reconstructions},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1607, doi:10.1029/2003GL017170},
}
@ARTICLE{manning_etal2004,
       TITLE = {IPCC Workshop on Describing Scientific Uncertainties in Climate Change to Support Analysis of Risk and of Options: Workshop report},
       JOURNAL = {Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)},
       YEAR = {2004},
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = {Geneva},
       AUTHOR = {M. M. Manning and M. Petit and D. Easterling and J. Murphy and A. Patwardhan and H-H. Rogner and R. Swart and G. Yohe},
}
@ARTICLE{mantua_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {78},
       AUTHOR = {N. J. Mantua and S. R. Hare and Y. Zhang and J. M. Wallace and R. C. Francis},
       TITLE = {A Pacific interdecadal oscillation with impacts on salmon production},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Metereol. Soc},
       PAGES = {1069-1079. Martin-},
}
@ARTICLE{matthes1939,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {F. Matthes},
       TITLE = {Report of Committee on Glaciers},
       YEAR = {1939},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {518-523},
}
@ARTICLE{mayewski1997,
       AUTHOR = {P. A. Mayewski},
       TITLE = {International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE), PAGES Workshop Rep. Ser. 1997-1, 48 pp},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Bern},
}
@ARTICLE{mcdermott1999,
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {F. McDermott},
       TITLE = {Holocene climate variability in Europe: Evidence from d18O},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Sci. Rev},
       PAGES = {1021-1038},
}
@ARTICLE{mcintyre_mckitrick2003,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick},
       TITLE = {Corrections to the Mann et al (1998) Proxy Data Based and Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Energy and Environment},
       PAGES = {751-771},
}
@ARTICLE{mcintyre_mckitrick2005a,
       VOLUME = {32},
       AUTHOR = {S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick},
       TITLE = {Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {L03710, doi:10.1029/2004GL02},
}
@ARTICLE{mcintyre_mckitrick2005b,
       TITLE = {Reply to comment by von Storch and Zorita on 'Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance'},
       JOURNAL = {Geophysical Research Letters},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {L20714, doi:10.1029/2005GL023089},
       VOLUME = {32},
       AUTHOR = {Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick},
}
@ARTICLE{mcintyre_mckitrick2005c,
       TITLE = {The M\&M critique of the MBH1998 northern hemisphere climate index: update and implications},
       JOURNAL = {Energy and Environment},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {69-100},
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick},
}
@ARTICLE{meeker_mayewski2002,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {L. D. Meeker and P. A. Mayewski},
       TITLE = {A 1400-year highresolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {257-266},
}
@ARTICLE{meko1981,
       VOLUME = {149 pp},
       AUTHOR = {D. M. Meko},
       TITLE = {Applications of Box-Jenkins methods of time series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings},
       YEAR = {1981},
       JOURNAL = {Ph.D. thesis},
       PAGES = {Univ. of Ariz., Tucson},
}
@ARTICLE{meko_etal1993,
       VOLUME = {6},
       AUTHOR = {D. M. Meko and E. R. Cook and D. W. Stahle and C. W. Stockton and M. K. Hughes},
       TITLE = {Spatial patterns of tree-growth anomalies in the United States and southeastern Canada},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1773- 1786},
}
@ARTICLE{menocal_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {288},
       AUTHOR = {P. de Menocal and J. Ortiz and T. Guilderson and M. Sarnthein},
       TITLE = {Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {2198-2202},
}
@ARTICLE{mikami1999,
       VOLUME = {81},
       AUTHOR = {T. Mikami},
       TITLE = {Quantitative reconstruction in Japan based on historical documents},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Natl. Mus. Jpn. Hist},
       PAGES = {41-50},
}
@ARTICLE{minobe1997,
       VOLUME = {24},
       AUTHOR = {S. Minobe},
       TITLE = {A 50-80 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {683-686},
}
@ARTICLE{mitchell1967,
       VOLUME = { },
       AUTHOR = {V. L. Mitchell},
       YEAR = {1967},
       JOURNAL = {Uni. of Wisconsin, Dept. of Meteorology Technical Reort 33},
       TITLE = {An investigation iof certain aspects of tree growth rates in relation to climate in the central Canadian boreal forest},
       PAGES = { },
}
@ARTICLE{mitchell_etal1979,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {J. M. Mitchell and C. W. Stockton and D. M. Meko},
       TITLE = {Evidence of a 22-year rhythm of drought in the western United States related to the Hale solar cycle since the 17th century, in Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by B. M. McCormac and T. A. Seliga},
       YEAR = {1979},
       JOURNAL = {D. Reidel},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{mitchell_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {J. F. B. Mitchell and D. J. Karoly and G. C. Hegerl and F. W. Zwiers and M. R. Allen and J. Marengo},
       TITLE = {Detection of climate change and attribution of causes, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by J. T. Houghton et al},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{moberg_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {23},
       AUTHOR = {A. Moberg and H. Alexandersson and H. Bergstrošm and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Were south Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured?},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {1495-1521},
}
@ARTICLE{moberg_etal2005,
       VOLUME = {433},
       AUTHOR = {A. Moberg and D. M. Sonechkin and K. Holmgren and N. M. Datsenko and W. Karlen},
       YEAR = {2005},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       TITLE = {Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-reslution proxy data},
       PAGES = {613-617},
}
@ARTICLE{montgomery_etal2001,
       TITLE = {Introduction to linear regression analysis},
       JOURNAL = {Wiley},
       YEAR = {2001},
       PAGES = {New York},
       VOLUME = { },
       AUTHOR = {D. C. Montgomery and E. A. Peck and G. G. Vining},
}
@ARTICLE{moore_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {420},
       AUTHOR = {G. W. K. Moore and G. Holdsworth and K. Alverson},
       TITLE = {Climate change in the North Pacific region over the past three centuries},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {401-403},
}
@ARTICLE{morgan_ommen1997,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {V. I. Morgan and T. D. van Ommen},
       TITLE = {Seasonality in lateHolocene climate from ice core records},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {351-354},
}
@ARTICLE{moy_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {420},
       AUTHOR = {C. Moy and G. O. Seltzer and D. T. Rodbell and D. M. Anderson},
       TITLE = {Variability of El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {162-165},
}
@ARTICLE{naurzbaev_etal2002,
       TITLE = {Summer temperatures in eastern Taimyr inferred from a 2427-year late-Holocene tree-ring chronology and earlier floating series},
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {727-737},
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {M. M. Naurzbaev and E. A. Vaganov and O. V. Sidorova and F. H. Schweingruber},
       JOURNAL = {The Holocene},
}
@ARTICLE{nichols1975,
       VOLUME = {Univ. of Colo},
       AUTHOR = {H. Nichols},
       TITLE = {Palynological and paleoclimatic study of the late Quaternary displacement of the boreal forest-tundra ecotone in Keewatin and Mackenzie, NWT, Canada},
       YEAR = {1975},
       JOURNAL = {Inst. of Arct. and Alp. Res},
       PAGES = {Boulder},
}
@ARTICLE{noren_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {419},
       AUTHOR = {A. J. Noren and P. R. Blerman and E. J. Steig and A. Lini and J. Southon},
       TITLE = {Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {821-824},
}
@ARTICLE{nyberg_etal2002,
       TITLE = {A centennial-scale variability of tropical North Atlantic surface hydrographyduring the late Holocene },
       YEAR = {2002},
       PAGES = {25-41},
       VOLUME = {183},
       AUTHOR = {J. Nyberg and B. A. Malmgren and A. Kuijpers and A. Winter},
       JOURNAL = {Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol},
}
@ARTICLE{o'brien_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {270},
       AUTHOR = {S. R. O'Brien and P. A. Mayewski and L. D. Meeker and D. A. Meese and M. S. Twickler and S. I. Whitlow},
       TITLE = {Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1962-1964},
}
@ARTICLE{oerlemans1992,
       VOLUME = {38},
       AUTHOR = {J. Oerlemans},
       TITLE = {Climate sensitivity of glaciers in southern Norway: Application of an energy-balance model to Nigardsbreen},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {J. Glaciol},
       PAGES = {223-232},
}
@ARTICLE{oerlemans2005,
       TITLE = {Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records },
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {675-677},
       VOLUME = {308},
       AUTHOR = {J. H. Oerlemans},
}
@ARTICLE{ogilvie_farmer1997,
       AUTHOR = {A. E. J. Ogilvie and G. Farmer},
       TITLE = {Documenting the Medieval Climate, in Climates of the British Isles: Present, Past and Future, edited by M. Hulme and E. Barrow, pp. 112-133},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{ogilvie_joŽnsson2001,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {A. E. J. Ogilvie and T. JoŽnsson},
       TITLE = {`Little Ice Age' research: A perspective from Iceland, in The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a ``Little Ice Age,'' edited by A. E. J. Ogilvie and T. JoŽnsson},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{ommen_morgan1996,
       VOLUME = {101},
       AUTHOR = {T. D. van Ommen and V. Morgan},
       TITLE = {Peroxide concentrations in the DSS ice core, Law Dome},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {15,147-15,152},
}
@ARTICLE{ommen_morgan1997,
       VOLUME = {102},
       AUTHOR = {T. D. van Ommen and V. Morgan},
       TITLE = {Calibrating the ice core paleothermometer using seasonality},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {9351-9357},
}
@ARTICLE{ortlieb2000,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {L. Ortlieb},
       TITLE = {The documentary historical record of El Nin~o events in Peru: An update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries), in El Nin~o and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Its Impacts on Natural Ecosystems and Society, edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
}
@ARTICLE{osborn_etal1997,
       TITLE = {Adjusting variance for sample-size in tree-ring chronologies and other regional mean timeseries},
       JOURNAL = {Dendrochronologia},
       YEAR = {1997},
       PAGES = {89-99 },
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones},
}
@ARTICLE{osborn_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa and S. F. B. Tett and P. D. Jones and R. M. Trigo},
       TITLE = {Evaluation of the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {685-702},
}
@ARTICLE{overland_wood2003,
       VOLUME = {84(40)},
       AUTHOR = {J. E. Overland and K. Wood},
       TITLE = {Accounts from 19th century Canadian Arctic explorers' logs reflect present climate conditions},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {410, 412},
}
@ARTICLE{overpeck1997,
       VOLUME = {278},
       AUTHOR = {J. Overpeck},
       TITLE = {Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1251-1256},
}
@ARTICLE{park1992,
       AUTHOR = {J. Park},
       TITLE = {Envelope estimation for quasi-periodic geophysical signals in noise: A multitaper approach, in Statistics in the Environmental and Earth Sciences, edited by A. T. Walden and P. Guttorp, pp. 189-219},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {London},
}
@ARTICLE{parker_etal1992,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {D. E. Parker and T. P. Legg and C. K. Folland},
       TITLE = {A new daily central England temperature series},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {317-342},
}
@ARTICLE{pauling_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(15)},
       AUTHOR = {A. Pauling and J. Luterbacher and H. Wanner},
       TITLE = {Evaluation of proxies for European and North Atlantic temperature field reconstructions},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophy. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1787, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017589},
}
@ARTICLE{pearson1896,
       TITLE = {Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia},
       JOURNAL = {Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal Society A},
       YEAR = {1896},
       PAGES = {253-318},
       VOLUME = {187},
       AUTHOR = {K. Pearson},
}
@ARTICLE{peel_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {D. A. Peel and R. Mulvaney and E. C. Pasteur and C. Chenery},
       TITLE = {Climate changes in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica over the past 500 years from ice-core and other evidence},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 243-262, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{peterson_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {103},
       AUTHOR = {T. C. Peterson and T. R. Karl and P. F. Jamason and R. Knight and D. R. Easterling},
       TITLE = {First difference method: Maximizing station density for the calculation of long-term global temperature change},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {25,967-25,974},
}
@ARTICLE{pfister1984,
       VOLUME = {vol. 6},
       AUTHOR = {C. Pfister},
       TITLE = {Das Klima der Schweiz von 1525-1860 und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte von Bevoelkerung und Landwirtschaft},
       YEAR = {1984},
       JOURNAL = {Acad. Helv},
       PAGES = {184 pp. and 60 pp. appendix, Paul Haupt, Bern},
}
@ARTICLE{pfister1992,
       AUTHOR = {C. Pfister},
       TITLE = {Monthly temperature and precipitation in central Europe 1525-1979: Quantifying documentary evidence on weather and its effects, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 118-142},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{pfister_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {C. Pfister and J. Luterbacher and M. Wegmann},
       TITLE = {Winter air temperature variations in central Europe during the early and high Middle Ages (A.D. 750-1300)},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {547-564},
}
@ARTICLE{pollack_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {282},
       AUTHOR = {H. N. Pollack and S. Huang and P. -Y. Shen},
       TITLE = {Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {279-281},
}
@ARTICLE{pollack_smerdon2004,
       TITLE = {Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       YEAR = {2004},
       PAGES = {11106, doi:10.1029/2003JD004163},
       VOLUME = {109 (D)},
       AUTHOR = {H. N. Pollack and J. E. Smerdon},
}
@ARTICLE{polyak_asmerom2001,
       VOLUME = {294},
       AUTHOR = {V. J. Polyak and Y. Asmerom},
       TITLE = {Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {148-151},
}
@ARTICLE{porter_denton1967,
       VOLUME = {265},
       AUTHOR = {S. C. Porter and G. H. Denton},
       TITLE = {Chronology of neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera},
       YEAR = {1967},
       JOURNAL = {Am. J. Sci},
       PAGES = {177- 210},
}
@ARTICLE{prentice_etal1991,
       VOLUME = {72},
       AUTHOR = {I. C. Prentice and P. J. Bartlein and T. I. (III) Webb},
       TITLE = {Vegetation and Climate Change in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum},
       YEAR = {1991},
       JOURNAL = {Ecology},
       PAGES = {2038-2056},
}
@ARTICLE{proctor_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {C. J. Proctor and A. Baker and W. L. Barnes and M. A. Gilmour},
       TITLE = {A thousand year speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {815-820},
}
@ARTICLE{quinn_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {23},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. Quinn and T. J. Crowley and F. W. Taylor},
       TITLE = {New stable isotope results from a 173-year coral from Espiritu Santo},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3413-3416},
}
@ARTICLE{quinn_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. Quinn and T. J. Crowley and F. W. Taylor and C. Henin and P. Joannot and Y. Join},
       TITLE = {A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {412-426},
}
@ARTICLE{quinn_neal1992,
       AUTHOR = {W. H. Quinn and V. T. Neal},
       TITLE = {The historical record of El Nin~o events, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 623-648},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{quinn_sampson2002,
       VOLUME = {17(4)},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. Quinn and D. S. Sampson},
       TITLE = {A multi-proxy approach to reconstructing sea surface conditions using coral skeleton geochemistry},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {1062, doi:10.1029/ 2000PA000528},
}
@ARTICLE{rajagopalan_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {B. Rajagopalan and E. R. Cook and U. Lall and B. K. Ray},
       TITLE = {Spatiotemporal Variability of ENSO and SST Teleconnections to Summer Drought over the United States during the Twentieth Century},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {J. Climate},
       PAGES = {4244-4255},
}
@ARTICLE{ramankutty_foley1999,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {N. Ramankutty and J. A. Foley},
       TITLE = {Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
       PAGES = {997-1027},
}
@ARTICLE{raper_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {42},
       AUTHOR = {S. C. B. Raper and K. R. Briffa and T. M. L. Wigley},
       TITLE = {Glacier change in northern Sweden from AD 500: A simple geometric model of Storglaciašren},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Glaciol},
       PAGES = {341-351},
}
@ARTICLE{rasmusson_carpenter1982,
       VOLUME = {110},
       AUTHOR = {E. M. Rasmusson and T. H. Carpenter},
       TITLE = {Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nin~o},
       YEAR = {1982},
       JOURNAL = {Mon. Weather Rev},
       PAGES = {354-384},
}
@ARTICLE{rayner_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {108(D14)},
       AUTHOR = {N. A. Rayner and D. E. Parker and E. B. Horton and C. K. Folland and L. V. Alexander and D. P. Rowell and E. C. Kent and A. Kaplan},
       TITLE = {Global analyses of sea surface temperature},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670},
}
@ARTICLE{reichert_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {15},
       AUTHOR = {B. K. Reichert and L. Bengtsson and J. Oerlemans},
       TITLE = {Recent glacier retreat exceeds internal variability},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {3069- 3081},
}
@ARTICLE{ren1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {G. Ren},
       TITLE = {Pollen evidence for increased summer rainfall in the medieval warm period at Maili},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1931-1934},
}
@ARTICLE{reynolds_smith1994,
       VOLUME = {7},
       AUTHOR = {R. W. Reynolds and T. M. Smith},
       TITLE = {Improved global sea surface temperature analyses},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {929-948},
}
@ARTICLE{rimbu_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(6)},
       AUTHOR = {N. Rimbu and G. Lohmann and J. H. Kim and H. W. Arz and R. Schneider},
       TITLE = {Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1280, doi:10.1029/2002GL016570},
}
@ARTICLE{rind_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {104},
       AUTHOR = {D. Rind and J. Lean and R. Healy},
       TITLE = {Simulated time-dependent climate response to solar radiative forcing since 1600},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {1973-1990},
}
@ARTICLE{robertson_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {102},
       AUTHOR = {I. Robertson and V. R. Switsur and A. H. C. Carter and A. C. Barker and J. S. Waterhouse and K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {Signal strength from oak in east England},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {19,507-19,516},
}
@ARTICLE{robertson_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {79(45)},
       AUTHOR = {A. D. Robertson and J. T. Overpeck and G. A. Zielinski and J. L. Lean and D. Koch and J. E. Penner and I. Tegen and D. Rind and R. Healy},
       TITLE = {Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 Years (abstract)},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {Fall Meet. Suppl., F105},
}
@ARTICLE{robock2000,
       VOLUME = {38},
       AUTHOR = {A. Robock},
       TITLE = {Volcanic eruptions and climate},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys},
       PAGES = {191-219},
}
@ARTICLE{robock_free1995,
       VOLUME = {100},
       AUTHOR = {A. Robock and M. P. Free},
       TITLE = {Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {11,549-11,567},
}
@ARTICLE{robock_free1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {A. Robock and M. P. Free},
       TITLE = {The volcanic record in ice cores for the past 2000 years},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 533-546, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{rodrigo1999,
       VOLUME = {19},
       AUTHOR = {F. S. Rodrigo},
       TITLE = {A 500-year precipitation record in southern Spain},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {1233-1253},
}
@ARTICLE{rollins_clement2001,
       VOLUME = {29},
       AUTHOR = {H. B. Rollins and A. Clement},
       TITLE = {Variation in Holocene El Nin~o frequencies: Climate records and cultural consequences in ancient Peru},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Geology},
       PAGES = {603-606},
}
@ARTICLE{ropelewski_halpert1987,
       VOLUME = {115},
       AUTHOR = {C. F. Ropelewski and M. S. Halpert},
       TITLE = {Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation},
       YEAR = {1987},
       JOURNAL = {Mon. Weather Rev},
       PAGES = {1606-1626},
}
@ARTICLE{ropelewski_jones1987,
       VOLUME = {115},
       AUTHOR = {C. F. Ropelewski and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {An extension of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index},
       YEAR = {1987},
       JOURNAL = {Mon. Weather Rev},
       PAGES = {2161-2165},
}
@ARTICLE{ruddiman2001,
       VOLUME = {New York},
       AUTHOR = {W. F. Ruddiman},
       TITLE = {Earth's Climate, Past and Future},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {W. H. Freeman},
}
@ARTICLE{ruddiman2003,
       VOLUME = {61},
       AUTHOR = {W. F. Ruddiman},
       TITLE = {The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {261-293},
}
@ARTICLE{rutherford_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {S. Rutherford and M. E. Mann and T. L. Delworth and R. Stouffer},
       TITLE = {Climate field reconstruction under stationary and nonstationary forcing},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {462-479},
}
@ARTICLE{rutherford_etal2004,
       VOLUME = {in press},
       AUTHOR = {S. Rutherford and M. E. Mann and T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa and R. S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes and P. D. Jones},
       TITLE = {An intercomparison of proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to methodology, predictor network, target season},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
}
@ARTICLE{rutherford_etal2005,
       TITLE = {Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to method, predictor network, target season},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {2308-2329},
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {S. Rutherford and M. E. Mann and T. J. Osborn and R. S. Bradley and K. R. Briffa  and M. K. Hughes and P. D. Jones},
}
@ARTICLE{rutherford_mann2004,
       VOLUME = {doi:10.1029/2003JD004290},
       AUTHOR = {S. Rutherford and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Correction to ``Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data'' by Mann et al},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {in press},
}
@ARTICLE{sandweiss_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {K. A. Maasch},
       AUTHOR = {D. H. Sandweiss and E. J. Reitz and H. B. Rollins and K. A. Maasch},
       TITLE = {Geoarchaelogical evidence from Peru for a 5000 years B. P. onset of El Nin~o, Science, 273},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {D. H},
       PAGES = {R. L. Burger, J. B. Richardson III,},
}
@ARTICLE{schmidt_mann2004,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {G. A. Schmidt and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Reply to comment on "Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions" by D. Chapman et al},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {L07206, doi: 10.1029/2003GL0119144},
}
@ARTICLE{schmutz_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {27},
       AUTHOR = {C. Schmutz and J. Luterbacher and D. Gyalistras and E. Xoplaki and H. Wanner},
       TITLE = {Can we trust proxy-based NAO index reconstructions?},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1135-1138},
}
@ARTICLE{schneider2001,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {T. Schneider},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Climate},
       TITLE = {Analysis of Incomplete Climate Data: Estimation of Mean Values and Covariance Matrices and Imputation of Missing Values},
       PAGES = {853-871},
}
@ARTICLE{schneider_steig2002,
       VOLUME = {29(20)},
       AUTHOR = {D. P. Schneider and E. J. Steig},
       TITLE = {Spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic ice sheet microwave brightness temperatures},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1964, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015490},
}
@ARTICLE{schweingruber1988,
       VOLUME = {Norwell},
       AUTHOR = {F. H. Schweingruber},
       TITLE = {Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology},
       YEAR = {1988},
       JOURNAL = {Kluwer Acad},
       PAGES = {Mass},
}
@ARTICLE{seager_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {127},
       AUTHOR = {R. Seager and D. S. Battisti and J. Yin and N. Gordon and N. Naik and A. C. Clement and M. A. Cane},
       TITLE = {Is the Gulf Stream responsible for Europe's mild winters?},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {2563- 2586},
}
@ARTICLE{shen_beck1991,
       VOLUME = {96},
       AUTHOR = {P. Y. Shen and A. E. Beck},
       TITLE = {Least squares inversion of borehole temperature measurements in functional space},
       YEAR = {1991},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {19,965-19,979},
}
@ARTICLE{shen_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {100},
       AUTHOR = {P. -Y. Shen and H. N. Pollack and S. Huang and K. Wang},
       TITLE = {Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the inference of climate change from borehole temperature data: Model studies and field examples from Canada},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {6383-6396},
}
@ARTICLE{shindell_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {399},
       AUTHOR = {D. T. Shindell and R. L. Miller and G. A. Schmidt and L. Pandolfo},
       TITLE = {Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {452-455},
}
@ARTICLE{shindell_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {294},
       AUTHOR = {D. T. Shindell and G. A. Schmidt and M. E. Mann and D. Rind and A. Waple},
       TITLE = {Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During the Maunder Minimum},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {2149-2152},
}
@ARTICLE{shindell_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {24},
       AUTHOR = {D. T. Shindell and G. A. Schmidt and R. Miller and M. E. Mann},
       TITLE = {Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Climate},
       PAGES = {4094-4107},
}
@ARTICLE{shiyatov1993,
       VOLUME = {pp. 195-203},
       AUTHOR = {S. G. Shiyatov},
       TITLE = {The upper timberline dynamics during the last 1100 years in the Polar Ural mountains},
       YEAR = {1993},
       JOURNAL = {edited by B. Frenzel},
       PAGES = {Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany},
}
@ARTICLE{skinner_majorowicz1999,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {W. R. Skinner and J. A. Majorowicz},
       TITLE = {Regional climatic warming and associated twentieth century land-cover changes in north-western North America},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Res},
       PAGES = {39-52},
}
@ARTICLE{slonosky2002,
       VOLUME = {29(9)},
       AUTHOR = {V. C. Slonosky},
       TITLE = {Wet winters},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1895, doi:10.1029/2001GL014302},
}
@ARTICLE{slonosky_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {V. C. Slonosky and P. D. Jones and T. D. Davies},
       TITLE = {Variability of the surface atmospheric circulation over Europe},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol},
       PAGES = {1875-1897},
}
@ARTICLE{slowey_crowley1995,
       VOLUME = {22},
       AUTHOR = {N. C. Slowey and T. J. Crowley},
       TITLE = {Interdecadal variability of Northern Hemisphere circulation recorded by Gulf of Mexico corals},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {2345-2348},
}
@ARTICLE{smith_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {9},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. Smith and R. W. Reynolds and R. E. Livezey and D. C. Stokes},
       TITLE = {Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1403- 1420},
}
@ARTICLE{solanki_krivova2003,
       VOLUME = {108(A5)},
       AUTHOR = {S. K. Solanki and N. A. Krivova},
       TITLE = {Can solar variability explain global warming since 1970?},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {1200, doi:10.1029/2002JA009753},
}
@ARTICLE{soon_baliunas2003,
       VOLUME = {23},
       AUTHOR = {W. Soon and S. Baliunas},
       TITLE = {Proxy climatic and environmental changes over the past 1000 years},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Res},
       PAGES = {89-110},
}
@ARTICLE{soon_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {W. Soon and S. Baliunas and C. Idso and S. Idso and D. R. Legates},
       TITLE = {Reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years: A reappraisal},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Energy Environ},
       PAGES = {233-296},
}
@ARTICLE{soon_etal2004,
       VOLUME = {31},
       AUTHOR = {W. W. -H. Soon and D. R. Legates and S. L. Baliunas},
       TITLE = {Estimation and representation of long-term (>40 year) trends of Northern-Hemisphere-gridded surface temperature: A note of caution},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {L03209, doi:10.1029/2003GL019141},
}
@ARTICLE{stahle1998b,
       VOLUME = {79},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. Stahle},
       TITLE = {Experimental dendroclimatic reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation},
       YEAR = {1998b},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {2137-2152},
}
@ARTICLE{stahle1999,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. Stahle},
       TITLE = {Effective strategies for the development of tropical tree-ring chronologies},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {IAWA J},
       PAGES = {249-253},
}
@ARTICLE{stahle_etal1998a,
       VOLUME = {Science},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. Stahle and M. K. Cleaveland and D. B. Blanton and M. D. Therrell and D. A. Gay},
       TITLE = {The lost colony and Jamestown droughts},
       YEAR = {1998a},
       JOURNAL = {The lost colony and Jamestown droughts},
       PAGES = {280, 564-567},
}
@ARTICLE{stahle_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {124},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. Stahle and P. T. Mushove and M. K. Cleaveland and F. Roig and G. A. Haynes},
       TITLE = {Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {For. Ecol. Manage},
       PAGES = {217-229},
}
@ARTICLE{stahle_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {81(12)},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. Stahle and E. R. Cook and M. K. Cleavland and M. D. Therrell and D. M. Meko and E. Watson and B. H. Luckman},
       TITLE = {Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {121, 125},
}
@ARTICLE{steig_schneider2002,
       VOLUME = {83(9)},
       AUTHOR = {E. J. Steig and D. P. Schneider},
       TITLE = {Interannual to millennialscale variability of Antarctic ice sheet climate},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Eos Trans. AGU},
       PAGES = {Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41A-12},
}
@ARTICLE{stenchikov_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {103},
       AUTHOR = {G. L. Stenchikov and I. Kirchner and A. Robock and H. -F. Graf and R. G. Grainger and A. Lambert and L. Thomason},
       TITLE = {Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {13,837-13,857},
}
@ARTICLE{stieglitz_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(13)},
       AUTHOR = {M. Stieglitz and S. J. DeŽry and V. E. Romanovsky and T. E. Osterkamp},
       TITLE = {The role of snow cover in the warming of the arctic permafrost},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1721, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017337},
}
@ARTICLE{stine1994,
       VOLUME = {369},
       AUTHOR = {S. Stine},
       TITLE = {Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during medieval time},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {546-549},
}
@ARTICLE{storch_etal2004,
       AUTHOR = {H. von Storch and E. Zorita and J. M. Jones and Y. Dimitriev and S. F. B. Tett},
       TITLE = {Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = { Science},
}
@ARTICLE{storch_zorita2005,
       TITLE = {Comment on 'Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance' by S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {L20701, doi:10.1029/2005GL022753},
       VOLUME = {32},
       AUTHOR = {H. von Storch and E. Zorita},
       JOURNAL = {Geophysical Reseach Letters},
}
@ARTICLE{stott_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {297},
       AUTHOR = {L. Stott and L. C. Paulsen and S. Lund and R. Thunell},
       TITLE = {Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {222-226},
}
@ARTICLE{street_grove1979,
       VOLUME = {12},
       AUTHOR = {F. A. Street and A. T. Grove},
       TITLE = {Global maps of lake level fluctuations since 30,000 yr B. P},
       YEAR = {1979},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       PAGES = {83-118},
}
@ARTICLE{swetnam_betancourt1998,
       VOLUME = {11},
       AUTHOR = {T. W. Swetnam and J. L. Betancourt},
       TITLE = {Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climate variability in the American Southwest},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {3128-3147},
}
@ARTICLE{tan_etal2003,
       TITLE = { Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature},
       YEAR = {2003},
       PAGES = {1617, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017352},
       VOLUME = {30},
       AUTHOR = {M. Tan and T. Liu and J. Hou and X. Qin and H. Zhang and L. Tieying},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
}
@ARTICLE{tett_etal2005+,
       TITLE = {The impact of natural and anthropogenic forcings on climate and hydrology since 1550},
       JOURNAL = {Climate Dynamics},
       YEAR = {2005+},
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = {submitted},
       AUTHOR = {S. F. B. Tett and R. Betts and T. J. Crowley and J. Gregory and T. C. Johns},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson1992,
       AUTHOR = {L. G. Thompson},
       TITLE = {Ice core evidence from Peru and China, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 517-548},
       YEAR = {1992},
       JOURNAL = {New York},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson1996,
       VOLUME = {Ser. I},
       AUTHOR = {L. G. Thompson},
       TITLE = {Climate changes for the last 2000 years inferred from ice core evidence in tropical ice cores},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {NATO ASI Ser},
       PAGES = {vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 281-297, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_etal1988,
       VOLUME = {336},
       AUTHOR = {L. G. Thompson and M. E. Davis and K. -B. Liu},
       TITLE = {Pre-Incan agricultural activity recorded in dust layers in two tropical ice cores},
       YEAR = {1988},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {763-765},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {289},
       AUTHOR = {L. G. Thompson and T. Yao and M. E. Davis and K. A. Henderson and P. -N. Lin},
       TITLE = {A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian monsoon from Himalayan ice cores},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1916-1919},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {59},
       AUTHOR = {L. G. Thompson and M. E. Davis and P. -N. Lin and K. Henderson and T. A. Mashiotta},
       TITLE = {Tropical glacier and ice core evidence of climate change on annual to millennial time scales},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {137-155},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_wallace1998,
       VOLUME = {25},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace},
       TITLE = {The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1297-1300},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_wallace2000,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace},
       TITLE = {Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part 1: Month-to-month variability},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1000-1016},
}
@ARTICLE{thompson_wallace2001,
       VOLUME = {293},
       AUTHOR = {D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace},
       TITLE = {Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {85-89},
}
@ARTICLE{trenberth2003,
       VOLUME = {Science},
       AUTHOR = {K. E. Trenberth},
       TITLE = {Towards integrated reconstructions of past climates},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Towards integrated reconstructions of past climates},
       PAGES = {300, 589-591},
}
@ARTICLE{trenberth_paolino1980,
       VOLUME = {104},
       AUTHOR = {K. E. Trenberth and D. A. Paolino},
       TITLE = {The Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: Trends},
       YEAR = {1980},
       JOURNAL = {Mon. Weather Rev},
       PAGES = {1354-1361},
}
@ARTICLE{tudhope_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {291},
       AUTHOR = {A. W. Tudhope and C. P. Chilcott and M. T. McCulloch and E. R. Cook and J. Chappell and R. M. Ellam and D. W. Lea and J. M. Lough and G. B. Shimmield},
       TITLE = {Variability in the El Nin~o Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Science},
       PAGES = {1511- 1517},
}
@ARTICLE{urban_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {207},
       AUTHOR = {F. E. Urban and J. E. Cole and J. T. Overpeck},
       TITLE = {Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {989-993},
}
@ARTICLE{vaganov_etal1999,
       VOLUME = {400},
       AUTHOR = {E. A. Vaganov and M. K. Hughes and A. V. Kirdyanov and F. H. Schweingruber and P. P. Silkin},
       TITLE = {Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia},
       YEAR = {1999},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {149-151},
}
@ARTICLE{verschuren_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {403},
       AUTHOR = {D. Verschuren and K. R. Laird and B. F. Cumming},
       TITLE = {Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Nature},
       PAGES = {410-414},
}
@ARTICLE{vide_barriendos1995,
       VOLUME = {30},
       AUTHOR = {J. Vide and M. Barriendos},
       TITLE = {The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: A case study from Catalonia (Spain)},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Change},
       PAGES = {201-221},
}
@ARTICLE{villalba1990,
       VOLUME = {34},
       AUTHOR = {R. Villalba},
       TITLE = {Climatic fluctuations in northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records},
       YEAR = {1990},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       PAGES = {346-360},
}
@ARTICLE{vinnikov_etal1990,
       VOLUME = {3},
       AUTHOR = {K. Y. Vinnikov and P. Y. Groisman and K. M. Lugina},
       TITLE = {The empirical data on modern global climate changes (temperature and precipitation)},
       YEAR = {1990},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {662-677},
}
@ARTICLE{vinther_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {30(7)},
       AUTHOR = {B. M. Vinther and S. J. Johnsen and K. K. Andersen and H. B. Clausen and A. W. Hansen},
       TITLE = {NAO signal recorded in the stable isotopes of Greenland ice cores},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1387, doi:10.1029/2002GL016193},
}
@ARTICLE{wahl_ammann2005,
       TITLE = {Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, Hughes Reconstruction of Surface Temperatures: Examination of Criticisms Based on the Nature and Processing of Proxy Climate Evidence},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = { },
       VOLUME = {in review},
       AUTHOR = {E. R. Wahl and C. M. Ammann},
       JOURNAL = {Climatic Change},
}
@ARTICLE{walker_bliss1932,
       VOLUME = {4},
       AUTHOR = {G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss},
       TITLE = {World weather volume},
       YEAR = {1932},
       JOURNAL = {Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {53-84},
}
@ARTICLE{wallace_gutzler1981,
       VOLUME = {109},
       AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler},
       TITLE = {Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter season},
       YEAR = {1981},
       JOURNAL = {Mon. Weather Rev},
       PAGES = {784-812},
}
@ARTICLE{wang_etal2001,
       VOLUME = {11},
       AUTHOR = {S. -W. Wang and D. Gong and J. Zhu},
       TITLE = {Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {Holocene},
       PAGES = {313-321},
}
@ARTICLE{wang_zhao1981,
       VOLUME = {M. J. Ingram},
       AUTHOR = {S. -W. Wang and Z. -C. Zhao},
       TITLE = {Droughts and floods in China, 1470-1979},
       YEAR = {1981},
       JOURNAL = {edited by T. M. L. Wigley},
       PAGES = {and G. Farmer, pp. 271-288, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{wanner_etal1995,
       VOLUME = {51},
       AUTHOR = {H. Wanner and C. Pfister and R. BraŽzdil and P. Frich and K. Frydendahl and T. JoŽnsson and J. Kington and E. Wishman},
       TITLE = {Wintertime European circulation patterns during the late Maunder Minimum cooling period (1675-1704)},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {Theor. Appl. Climatol},
       PAGES = {167-175},
}
@ARTICLE{wanner_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {54},
       AUTHOR = {H. Wanner and H. Holzhauser and C. Pfister and H. Zumbuhl},
       TITLE = {Interannual to century scale climate variability in the European Alps},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Earth Sci},
       PAGES = {62-69},
}
@ARTICLE{waple_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {18},
       AUTHOR = {A. Waple and M. E. Mann and R. S. Bradley},
       TITLE = {Long-term Patterns of Solar Irradiance Forcing in Model Experiments and Proxy-based Surface Temperature Reconstructions},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {563-578},
}
@ARTICLE{webb_wigley1985,
       VOLUME = {Washington D. C},
       AUTHOR = {T. Webb and T. M. L. Wigley},
       TITLE = {What past climates can indicate about a warmer world, in Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide, edited by M. C. MacCracken and F. M. Luther},
       YEAR = {1985},
       JOURNAL = {U.S. Dep. of Energy},
}
@ARTICLE{weber2005,
       TITLE = {A timescale analysis of the NH temperature response to volcanic and solar forcing in the past millenium},
       JOURNAL = {Climate of the Past Discussions},
       YEAR = {2005},
       PAGES = {137-214},
       VOLUME = {1},
       AUTHOR = {S. L. Weber},
}
@ARTICLE{weber_etal2004,
       TITLE = {Solar irradiance forcing of centennial climate variability during the Holocene},
       JOURNAL = {Climate Dynamics},
       YEAR = {2004},
       PAGES = {539-553},
       VOLUME = {22},
       AUTHOR = {S. L. Weber and T. J. Crowley and G. Van der Schrier},
}
@ARTICLE{weber_madden1995,
       VOLUME = {8},
       AUTHOR = {R. O. Weber and R. A. Madden},
       TITLE = {Optimal averaging for the determination of global mean temperature: Experiments with model data},
       YEAR = {1995},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {418-430},
}
@ARTICLE{weidman_jones1994,
       VOLUME = {99},
       AUTHOR = {C. R. Weidman and G. A. Jones},
       TITLE = {The long-lived mollusc Arctica Islandica: A new paleoceanographic tool for reconstruction of bottom temperatures for the continental shelves of the northern Atlantic Ocean},
       YEAR = {1994},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {18,305-18,314},
}
@ARTICLE{wellington_etal1996,
       VOLUME = {11},
       AUTHOR = {G. M. Wellington and R. B. Dunbar and G. Merlen},
       TITLE = {Calibration of stable isotope signatures in Galapagos corals},
       YEAR = {1996},
       JOURNAL = {Paleoceanography},
       PAGES = {467-480},
}
@ARTICLE{white1989,
       VOLUME = {J. R. Ehleringer},
       AUTHOR = {J. W. C. White},
       TITLE = {A review of applications of D/H ratios in plants, in stable isotopes},
       YEAR = {1989},
       JOURNAL = {edited by P. Rundel},
       PAGES = {and K. A. Nagy, pp. 142-162, Springer-Verlag, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{white_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {102},
       AUTHOR = {J. W. C. White and L. K. Barlow and D. Fisher and P. Grootes and J. Jouzel and S. J. Johnson and M. Stuvier and H. Clausen},
       TITLE = {The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res},
       PAGES = {26,425-26,439},
}
@ARTICLE{wigley_etal1981,
       VOLUME = {M. J. Ingram},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. L. Wigley and M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer},
       TITLE = {Past climates and their impact on Man: A review},
       YEAR = {1981},
       JOURNAL = {edited by T. M. L. Wigley},
       PAGES = {and G. Farmer, pp. 3-50, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York},
}
@ARTICLE{wigley_etal1988,
       VOLUME = {pp. 239-253},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. L. Wigley and P. D. Jones and K. R. Briffa},
       TITLE = {Detecting the effects of acidic deposition and CO2-fertilization on tree growth},
       YEAR = {1988},
       JOURNAL = {edited by L. Kairiukstis et al},
       PAGES = {Polish Acad. of Sci., Warsaw},
}
@ARTICLE{wigley_etal1997,
       VOLUME = {94},
       AUTHOR = {T. M. L. Wigley and P. D. Jones and S. C. B. Raper},
       TITLE = {The observed global warming record: What does it tell us?},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci},
       PAGES = {8314-8320},
}
@ARTICLE{williams_wigley1983,
       VOLUME = {20},
       AUTHOR = {L. D. Williams and T. M. L. Wigley},
       TITLE = {A comparison of evidence for late Holocene summer temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere},
       YEAR = {1983},
       JOURNAL = {Quat. Res},
       PAGES = {286-307},
}
@ARTICLE{willson_mordvinov2003,
       VOLUME = {30(5)},
       AUTHOR = {R. C. Willson and A. V. Mordvinov},
       TITLE = {Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21-23},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1199, doi:10.1029/2002GL016038},
}
@ARTICLE{winter_etal2000,
       VOLUME = {27},
       AUTHOR = {A. Winter and H. Ishioroshi and T. Watanabe and T. Oba and J. Christy},
       TITLE = {Caribbean sea surface temperatures: Two-to-three degrees cooler than present during the Little Ice Age},
       YEAR = {2000},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {3365-3368},
}
@ARTICLE{wohlfarth_etal1998,
       VOLUME = {AD 1860-1950},
       AUTHOR = {B. Wohlfarth and H. Linderson and B. Holmquist and I. Cato},
       TITLE = {The climatic significance of clastic varves in the Angermanalven Estuary},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {northern Sweden},
       PAGES = {Holocene, 8, 525-534},
}
@ARTICLE{woodhouse_overpeck1998,
       VOLUME = {79},
       AUTHOR = {C. A. Woodhouse and J. T. Overpeck},
       TITLE = {2000 years of drought variability in the central United States},
       YEAR = {1998},
       JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc},
       PAGES = {2693-2714},
}
@ARTICLE{yang_etal2002,
       VOLUME = {29(9)},
       AUTHOR = {B. Yang and A. Braeuning and K. R. Johnson and S. Yafeng},
       TITLE = {General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia},
       YEAR = {2002},
       JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett},
       PAGES = {1324, doi:10.1029/2001GL014485},
}
@ARTICLE{yin_battisti2001,
       VOLUME = {14},
       AUTHOR = {J. H. Yin and D. S. Battisti},
       TITLE = {The importance of tropical sea surface temperature patterns in simulations of Last Glacial Maximum climate},
       YEAR = {2001},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {565-581},
}
@ARTICLE{zhang_crowley1989,
       VOLUME = {2},
       AUTHOR = {J. Zhang and T. J. Crowley},
       TITLE = {Historical climate records in China and reconstruction of past climates},
       YEAR = {1989},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {833-849},
}
@ARTICLE{zhang_etal2003,
       VOLUME = {Nice},
       AUTHOR = {T. Zhang and M. Serreze and R. G. Barry and D. Glinchinsky and A. Etringer},
       TITLE = {Climate change: Evidence from Russian historical soil temperature measurements},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {Eur. Geophys. Union},
       PAGES = {France},
}
@ARTICLE{zhang_etal2004,
       AUTHOR = {Z. Zhang and M. E. Mann and E. R. Cook},
       TITLE = {Alternative methods of proxy-based climate field reconstruction: Application to the reconstruction of summer drought over the conterminous United States back to 1700 from drought-sensitive tree ring data},
       YEAR = {2004},
       JOURNAL = {in press},
}
@ARTICLE{zorita_legutke2003,
       VOLUME = {16},
       AUTHOR = {E. Zorita and S. Legutke},
       TITLE = {Testing the Mann et al. [1998] approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-yr control simulation with the ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model},
       YEAR = {2003},
       JOURNAL = {J. Clim},
       PAGES = {1378-1390},
}
@ARTICLE{zwiers_shen1997,
       VOLUME = {13},
       AUTHOR = {F. W. Zwiers and S. S. Shen},
       TITLE = {Errors in estimating spherical harmonic coefficients from partially sampled GCM output},
       YEAR = {1997},
       JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn},
       PAGES = {703-716},
}